盒马：这个企鹅没有心

近日，热门选手和马退赛《创造营2021》。阿里旗下生鲜平台@盒马 官方微博发文内涵涮企鹅，并称这个“企鹅”是没有心的。

借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们来学学《国家地理（National Geographic）》杂志对企鹅的科普文章，看看企鹅到底有没有心。

Penguins are flightless seabirds that live almost exclusively below the equator. Some island-dwellers can be found in warmer climates, but most—including emperor, adélie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins—reside in and around icy Antarctica. A thick layer of blubber and tightly-packed, oily feathers are ideal for colder temperatures.

The 18 different species of penguins can vary widely in shape and size but all have black bodies and white bellies. This protective countershading allows them to hide from predators like leopard seals and orcas while they swim.

While penguins can’t fly, their stiff flippers, webbed feet, and sleek shape make them expert swimmers. In fact, they spend most of their lives in the ocean and do nearly all of their hunting for krill, squid, and crabs underwater. They can swim about 15 miles an hour, and when they want to go faster, they often porpoise, or leap out of the water as they swim.

Life on land

On land, penguins have an upright stance and tend to waddle, hop, or run with their bodies angled forward. Polar penguins can travel long distances quickly by “tobogganing,” or sliding across the ice on their bellies and pushing forward with their feet. If it’s especially cold, they huddle together in large colonies that protect them from predators and provide warmth. These colonies consist of thousands, and even millions, of penguins.

Breeding

Penguins come ashore to lay their eggs and raise their chicks. Most penguins stay with their mate for many years and lay only one or two eggs at a time. Parents take turns keeping their eggs warm, and when they hatch, feeding and protecting the chicks. For a few weeks each year, thousands of baby birds wait together while their parents forage for food. When mother and father return, chicks listen for the unique audio frequency of their parents’ call, allowing them to reunite in a large, noisy crowd.

Soon after the chicks fledge, parents will begin molting. Unlike some birds that shed a few feathers at a time, penguins lose all their feathers at once during a process called catastrophic molt. They condense this process to just a few weeks because they must fast during this time—they can’t hunt without their waterproof feathers.

Conservation and threats

About two-thirds of penguin species are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, making them one of the most endangered seabirds. Loss of habitat, disease, and infectious diseases spread by tourists loom as threats. Commercial fishing in the Southern Ocean is also a significant concern, as it has reduced fish supply by about half in the Antarctic Peninsula. This forces many penguins to compete for food, and puts them in danger of getting accidentally captured by fishing nets.

Among the biggest threats to penguin populations is climate change. Warming in the polar regions has melted sea ice, which penguins depend on to find food and build nests. Rapidly changing conditions mean Antarctica could lose most of its penguins to climate change by the end of the century. To survive, they may have to relocate to new habitats.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Penguins are flightless seabirds that live almost exclusively below the equator. Some island-dwellers can be found in warmer climates, but most—including emperor, adélie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins—reside in and around icy Antarctica. A thick layer of blubber and tightly-packed, oily feathers are ideal for colder temperatures.

企鹅（Penguins）是不会飞的海鸟，几乎只生活在赤道以下。在温暖的气候中能够发现一些栖息在岛屿上的企鹅，但大多数--包括帝企鹅、阿德利（adélie）企鹅、帽带企鹅和巴布亚企鹅--都居住在冰冷的南极洲（Antarctica）及其周围。一层厚厚的脂肪和紧密包裹的油性羽毛，是低温的理想选择。

1）表示“昂贵的；高档的；豪华的”，英文解释为“expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class”，如：an exclusive private club 豪华私人俱乐部。

2）表示“专用的，专有的；独有的，独占的”，英文解释为“limited to only one person or group of people”，如：an exclusive interview 独家采访，举个🌰：

This room is for the exclusive use of guests.

这个房间是专供客人使用的。

equator /ɪˈkweɪtə/ 表示“赤道”，英文解释为“The equator is an imaginary line around the middle of the earth at an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole.”

表示“居民；居住者；栖身者”，英文解释为“a person or an animal that lives in the particular place that is mentioned”如：apartment dwellers 公寓房客。

表示“海洋动物的脂肪”，英文解释为“Blubber is the fat of whales, seals, and similar sea animals.”

The 18 different species of penguins can vary widely in shape and size but all have black bodies and white bellies. This protective countershading allows them to hide from predators like leopard seals and orcas while they swim.

18种不同种类的企鹅在形状和大小上有很大的差异，但都有黑色的身体和白色的腹部。这种保护性的反荫蔽让它们在游泳时可以躲避豹形海豹（leopard seals）和虎鲸（orcas）等捕食者。

表示“腹部；肚子”，英文解释为“the part of the body below the chest”。

表示“（动物）反荫蔽”，英文解释为“a pattern, serving as camouflage, in which dark colours occur on parts of the body exposed to the light and pale colours on parts in the shade”。

📍据维基百科，反影伪装是一种伪装方法，即动物体表的着色在上侧较暗，而在身体的下侧较浅。这就是为什么大多数动物背部毛色深，腹部毛色浅。这一发现被称为“赛耶定律”（Thayer's law），利用这一原理实现隐身的方法被称为“反荫蔽”（Countershading）。

1）表示“尾随伤害他人者，尾随作案者”，英文解释为“someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them”，如：a sexual predator 尾随作案的色魔；

2）表示“捕食性动物，食肉动物”，英文解释为“an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals”。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述病毒引发大流行病的文章中提到：Humans think of themselves as the world's apex predators. 人类自认为是世界上的顶级捕食者。

While penguins can't fly, their stiff flippers, webbed feet, and sleek shape make them expert swimmers. In fact, they spend most of their lives in the ocean and do nearly all of their hunting for krill, squid, and crabs underwater. They can swim about 15 miles an hour, and when they want to go faster, they often porpoise, or leap out of the water as they swim.

虽然企鹅不会飞，但它们坚硬的脚蹼、蹼足和光滑的外形使它们成为游泳专家。事实上，它们大部分时间都是在海里度过的，捕食磷虾（krill）、鱿鱼（squid）和螃蟹（crabs）等猎物几乎都是在水下。它们每小时可以游15英里，当它们想游得更快的时候，它们经常会在游动的过程中，从水里跳出来。

表示“不易弯曲（或活动）的；硬的；挺的”，英文解释为“firm and difficult to bend or move”如：stiff cardboard 硬纸板。

porpoise /ˈpɔːpəs/ 作名词，表示“钝吻海豚；鼠海豚”，英文解释为“a sea animal that looks like a large fish with a pointed mouth. Porpoises are similar to dolphins but smaller.” 此处作动词，指的就是像这种海豚一样跳起来（to leap or plunge like a porpoise）。

Life on land 陆地上的生活

On land, penguins have an upright stance and tend to waddle, hop, or run with their bodies angled forward. Polar penguins can travel long distances quickly by “tobogganing,” or sliding across the ice on their bellies and pushing forward with their feet. If it's especially cold, they huddle together in large colonies that protect them from predators and provide warmth. These colonies consist of thousands, and even millions, of penguins.

在陆地上，企鹅的姿态是直立的，往往会摇摆，蹦跳，或者身体向前倾斜着跑。极地企鹅可以通过“平底雪橇”的方式，用腹部滑过冰面，用脚向前推动，快速地进行长距离的旅行。如果天气特别冷，它们就会蜷缩在一起，形成一个大的群落，以保护它们免受掠食者的侵害，并提供温暖。这些群落由数千只甚至数百万只企鹅组成。

表示“竖直的；直立的；垂直的”，英文解释为“placed in a vertical position”举个🌰：

Keep the bottle upright.

保持瓶子直立。

表示“（鸭子似地）蹒跚行走，摇摆地行走”，英文解释为“to walk with short steps, swinging from side to side, like a duck”举个🌰：

He pushed himself laboriously out of the chair and waddled to the window.

他吃力地从椅子上站起来，蹒跚走到了窗前。

toboggan /təˈbɒɡən/ 作名词，表示“长雪橇；平底长雪橇”，英文解释为“a long light narrow sledge(= a vehicle that slides over snow) sometimes curved up in front, used for sliding down slopes”；作动词，表示“坐长雪橇滑行”，英文解释为“to travel down a slope on snow or ice using a toboggan”。

1) 表示“（尤因寒冷或恐惧而）（使）挤作一团，（使）聚成一堆”，英文解释为“if a group of people huddle together, they stay very close to each other, especially because they are cold or frightened”举个🌰：

People huddled around the radio, waiting for news.

人们聚集在收音机旁，等候消息。

2) 表示“（一小群人）聚集（私下讨论某事）”，英文解释为“to sit or stand with a small group of people in order to discuss something privately”举个🌰：

The executive board huddled to discuss the issue.

管理层聚在一起讨论那个问题。

colony /ˈkɒlənɪ/ 大家熟悉的“殖民地”这一意思就不多说了。colony还有几个比较有趣的意思。1）表示“（某一类人的）聚居区”，英文解释为：You can refer to a place where a particular group of people lives as a particular kind of colony，比如《甄嬛传》中的宁古塔就可以说是a penal colony（一个罪犯的流放地）。 

2）表示“（生物）居住在一起的群体”，英文解释为A colony of birds, insects, or animals is a group of them that live together. 举个🌰：

The islands are famed for their colonies of sea birds. 

这些岛屿因有成群的海鸟居住而闻名。

还有看动物世界的时候，水牛什么的经常是一群群的，就可以用a buffalo colony表示。

Breeding 繁殖

Penguins come ashore to lay their eggs and raise their chicks. Most penguins stay with their mate for many years and lay only one or two eggs at a time. Parents take turns keeping their eggs warm, and when they hatch, feeding and protecting the chicks. For a few weeks each year, thousands of baby birds wait together while their parents forage for food. When mother and father return, chicks listen for the unique audio frequency of their parents' call, allowing them to reunite in a large, noisy crowd.

企鹅上岸产卵，养育幼雏。大多数企鹅与配偶在一起生活多年，每次只产一两个蛋。父母轮流为蛋保暖，孵化后还要喂养和保护幼雏。每年有几周的时间，成千上万的企鹅宝宝在一起等待，而它们的父母则在觅食。当母亲和父亲回来时，幼雏会倾听父母独特的声音频率，让它们在嘈杂的大人群中团聚。

表示“向（或在）岸上；向（或在）陆地”，英文解释为“towards, onto or on land, having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river”如：to come/go ashore 上岸。

表示“雏鸟；（尤指）雏鸡，小鸡”，英文解释为“a baby bird, especially a baby chicken”。

表示“孵出，孵蛋，出壳”，英文解释为“to (cause an egg to) break in order to allow a young animal to come out”举个🌰：

The eggs hatch after a week or ten days.

这些蛋1周或10天后孵化。

The young disappeared soon after they were hatched.

幼崽孵出后不久就不见了。

表示“觅（食）”，英文解释为“to search for food”举个🌰：

We disturbed a wild boar that had been foraging by the roadside.

我们惊动了一只在路边觅食的野公猪。

Soon after the chicks fledge, parents will begin molting. Unlike some birds that shed a few feathers at a time, penguins lose all their feathers at once during a process called catastrophic molt. They condense this process to just a few weeks because they must fast during this time—they can't hunt without their waterproof feathers.

幼雏羽毛长成后不久，父母就会开始脱羽。与一些鸟类一次只脱落几根羽毛不同的是，企鹅在一个叫做“灾难性脱羽”的过程中，一次就会失去所有的羽毛。它们将这一过程浓缩到只有几周，因为它们在这期间必须禁食，没有防水的羽毛它们就无法捕猎。

fledge /flɛdʒ/ 表示“羽毛长成，养（小鸟）到能飞”，英文解释为“(of a young bird) to grow feathers；to feed and care for (a young bird) until it is able to fly”。

英式moult，美式molt，表示“换羽；蜕毛”，英文解释为“to lose feathers or hair before new feathers or hair grow”举个🌰：

Like most aquatic insects, mayflies moult as they grow.

像大多数水生昆虫一样，蜉蝣在成长过程中换羽。

作动词，可以表示“（植物）落（叶）；（动物）蜕（皮），脱（毛）”，英文解释为“if a plant sheds its leaves or if an animal sheds skin or hair, they fall off as part of a natural process”举个🌰：

The trees were starting to shed their leaves.

树木开始落叶了。

表示“简缩；压缩（文字、信息等）”，英文解释为“to put sth such as a piece of writing into fewer words; to put a lot of information into a small space”举个🌰：

The article was condensed into just two pages.

这篇文章被简缩成仅两页。

1）作动词，熟词僻义，表示“禁食；斋戒”，英文解释为“to eat little or no food for a period of time, especially for religious or health reasons”，举个🌰：

One day a week he fasts for health reasons.

他出于健康考虑每周禁食一天。

2）作名词，同样可以表示“禁食期；斋戒期”（a period of time when you eat no food），如：break one's fast就可以解释为开戒，英文解释为“to eat food for the first time after fasting, or for the first time in the day”举个🌰：

Hundreds of prisoners began a fast.

数百名犯人开始绝食。

Conservation and threats 保护和威胁

About two-thirds of penguin species are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, making them one of the most endangered seabirds. Loss of habitat, disease, and infectious diseases spread by tourists loom as threats. Commercial fishing in the Southern Ocean is also a significant concern, as it has reduced fish supply by about half in the Antarctic Peninsula. This forces many penguins to compete for food, and puts them in danger of getting accidentally captured by fishing nets.

在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录中，约有三分之二的企鹅物种被列为濒危物种，使它们成为最濒危的海鸟之一。栖息地的丧失、疾病和游客传播的传染病都是威胁。南大洋（Southern Ocean）的商业捕鱼也是一个重要的问题，因为这使南极半岛（Antarctic Peninsula）的鱼类供应量减少了大约一半，迫使许多企鹅争夺食物，并面临被渔网意外捕获的危险。

注：IUCN全称 The International Union for Conservation of Nature.

endangered表示“有危险的；濒临灭绝的”，英文解释为“in danger of being harmed, lost, unsuccessful, etc.”，如：endangered wildlife 濒危野生动物，endangered birds/plants/species 濒危鸟类/植物/物种。

表示“（令人担忧的或危险的情形或事件）可能发生；逐渐逼近”，英文解释为“If a worrying or threatening situation or event is looming, it seems likely to happen soon.”举个🌰：

The threat of renewed civil war looms ahead.

新一轮内战的威胁在逼近。

Among the biggest threats to penguin populations is climate change. Warming in the polar regions has melted sea ice, which penguins depend on to find food and build nests. Rapidly changing conditions mean Antarctica could lose most of its penguins to climate change by the end of the century. To survive, they may have to relocate to new habitats.

对企鹅种群的最大威胁之一是气候变化。极地地区的气候变暖使海冰融化，而企鹅依靠海冰寻找食物和建造巢穴。迅速变化的环境意味着南极洲（Antarctica）可能在本世纪末因气候变化而失去大部分企鹅。为了生存，它们可能不得不迁移到新的栖息地。

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