美式咖啡用英语怎么说？

只要我不尴尬，尴尬的就是别人

这么说，我更喜欢Take iron coffee.你呢？

那么，美式咖啡到底怎么说？据维基百科，美式咖啡（意大利语：Caffè Americano、英语：Americano）是一种咖啡做法。一般由意式浓缩咖啡加入热水制作而成。或者是用意式咖啡机制作，在萃取完了浓缩咖啡后，继续让机器供水直到一杯完整的咖啡。

Caffè Americano (also known as Americano; literally American coffee) is a type of coffee drink prepared by diluting an espresso with hot water, giving it a similar strength to, but different flavor from, traditionally brewed coffee.

借此机会，我们来看看咖啡与健康的那些事儿。

无注释原文：

Questions About Coffee and Health: We Have Some Answers

The New York Times

In an article on Monday, I reviewed the evidence behind coffee consumption and health in an effort to put to rest the idea that coffee is a “vice” or something we all need to cut back on.

We received many comments and questions from readers. In fact, we received so many that we thought it might be useful to respond to some of the most frequently discussed ones.

Are the same beneficial relationships seen with decaffeinated coffee?

Most studies did not include data on decaffeinated coffee, either because too few people drank it or because data were not available. The few studies that did, though, had differing results. With respect to cardiovascular disease, decaffeinated coffee did not seem to have the same protective effects as regular coffee. With respect to the one stroke meta-analysis, it seemed to be just as protective as regular coffee. In two breast cancer analyses, decaffeinated had the same nonrelationship as regular coffee. Decaffeinated coffee was also protective against lung cancer, not as protective against Parkinson’s disease, and protective against diabetes and overall mortality, but perhaps to a lesser extent than regular coffee.

But for most studies, there just aren’t data available. The conclusion to take away: There’s less evidence overall for a potential benefit, but still, there’s no evidence of harmful associations.

Are the same benefits seen with tea?

The literature on tea is about the same size as that for coffee, and reviewing it thoroughly would take more time than is appropriate for this column. However, a number of studies I reviewed did include tea in analyses, and those I can present here. People who drank more tea had a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease and of cognitive decline. Black tea had a potential protective effect against diabetes, but it was not statistically significant. Green tea had no relationship to the development of diabetes.

Is the benefit from caffeine or from some other element in coffee?

It’s not known. I also don’t think it’s necessarily the same protective effect in each disease. I think that for many of the neurological issues, it could be caffeine acting as a stimulant in the brain. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that decaffeinated coffee doesn’t seem to be as protective, yet tea is. In some of the other diseases, though, the same benefits aren’t seen from other caffeine-containing beverages. No one is arguing that diet soda consumption is associated with less of a chance of getting cancer. Additionally, some protective effects are seen with decaffeinated coffee as well. It’s likely, therefore, that something else could be at work. We don’t know what, though.

What about high blood pressure or cholesterol?

A 2005 meta-analysis found that in randomized controlled trials caffeine was associated with an increase in blood pressure. When that caffeine was from coffee, however, the blood pressure effect was small. A 2011 study found that caffeine intake could raise blood pressure for at least three hours. Again, though, there wasn’t a significant relationship between long-term coffee consumption and higher blood pressure. A 2012 meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials and five cohort studies could find no significant effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure or hypertension.

And, as has been reported in The New York Times, two studies have shown that drinking unfiltered coffee, like Turkish coffee, can lead to increases in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. But coffee that’s been through a paper filter seems to have had the cholesterol-raising agent, known as cafestol, removed.

High blood pressure and high cholesterol would be of concern because they can lead to heart disease or death. Drinking coffee is associated with better outcomes in those areas, and that’s what really matters.

Some readers were upset that I neglected to mention some of the deleterious effects of caffeine. What about jitteriness and mood changes?

I want to reiterate that the point of the piece was not to tell people to drink coffee. As I said in my recent article on food recommendations, I don’t think there is much value in preaching or judging what others eat or drink. Moreover, this evidence is epidemiologic, that is, based on observations of patterns. I don’t want to fall prey to the mistake of recommending we change our eating behavior without evidence from randomized controlled trials.

The point of the article was to show that there’s no evidence that coffee is bad for the average person. Data do not support the idea that we are drinking “too much.” Coffee does not appear to be associated with poor health outcomes — the opposite is true. In light of this, we should stop telling everyone to avoid it, or judging others for drinking it. We should also stop feeling guilty or feel we need to consume less.

That is, unless it’s not making you feel well. As I also said before, individual trial and error is likely necessary when it comes to nutrition. Some people need to avoid caffeine for medical reasons, and they should. If coffee makes you feel bad, or makes it hard for you to sleep, or renders you a less likable person — then by all means feel free to cut back or stop.

But if you like it, then by all means enjoy it.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Questions About Coffee and Health: We Have Some Answers

咖啡与健康那些事儿

The New York Times

In an article on Monday, I reviewed the evidence behind coffee consumption and health in an effort to put to rest the idea that coffee is a “vice” or something we all need to cut back on.

有人认为喝咖啡是一种“坏习惯”，需要努力改正。在周一的一篇文章中，我综述了有关喝咖啡与健康的证据，以期澄清这些误解。

表示“停止，消除（恐惧）; 平息（谣言）”，英文解释为“To settle or finish, especially a question or discussion.”举个🌰：

Let's try to put this question to rest once and for all.

让我们把这个问题彻底解决掉吧。

1）表示“缺点；瑕疵；弱点；不良习惯”，英文解释为“A vice is a habit which is regarded as a weakness in someone's character, but not usually as a serious fault.”举个🌰：

Greed is a terrible vice.

贪婪是一种恶习。

2）表示“（尤指与色情业、卖淫行为相关的）犯罪活动，恶行”，英文解释为“Vice refers to criminal activities, especially those connected with pornography or prostitution.”

表示“减少；削减；缩减”，英文解释为“If you cut back something such as expenditure or cut back on it, you reduce it.”举个🌰：

Customers have cut back spending because of the economic slowdown.

由于经济放缓，顾客们已经减少了花销。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述疫情期间房价上涨的文章中提到：Professionals who have carried on working from home but cut back on their spending have accumulated cash to splash—and, with time spent at home rising, what better moment to buy a bigger pad? 那些改换成在家中继续工作但减少了开支的专业人士则积攒了可大笔支出的现金——而且既然在家的时间增多了，现在不买个更大的住所，更待何时？

We received many comments and questions from readers. In fact, we received so many that we thought it might be useful to respond to some of the most frequently discussed ones.

对此，读者们发表了很多评论，也提出了不少问题。于是，我们决定从中挑出一些最有代表性的问题作答，或许能对大家有所助益。

Are the same beneficial relationships seen with decaffeinated coffee?

饮用无咖啡因咖啡对健康也同样有益么？

表示“脱咖啡因的”，英文解释为“with most or all of the caffeine removed”。

Most studies did not include data on decaffeinated coffee, either because too few people drank it or because data were not available. The few studies that did, though, had differing results. With respect to cardiovascular disease, decaffeinated coffee did not seem to have the same protective effects as regular coffee. With respect to the one stroke meta-analysis, it seemed to be just as protective as regular coffee. In two breast cancer analyses, decaffeinated had the same nonrelationship as regular coffee. Decaffeinated coffee was also protective against lung cancer, not as protective against Parkinson's disease, and protective against diabetes and overall mortality, but perhaps to a lesser extent than regular coffee.

大多数研究都没有纳入无咖啡因咖啡的数据，这或许是因为喝这种咖啡的人太少，也可能是因为拿不到相关的数据。仅有少数研究纳入了此类咖啡的数据，但并没有得出一致的结果。无咖啡因咖啡似乎不像普通咖啡那样可以预防心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease）。一项关于中风（stroke）的荟萃分析则表明，无咖啡因咖啡与普通咖啡一样具有预防效果。两项针对乳腺癌（breast cancer）的分析显示，无咖啡因咖啡与普通咖啡均无甚作用。无咖啡因咖啡也能预防肺癌（lung cancer），但对帕金森氏症（Parkinson's disease）没什么效果；在预防糖尿病并降低整体死亡率方面，无咖啡因咖啡有一定的作用，但或许比正常咖啡稍弱。

cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə/ 表示“心血管的”，英文解释为“Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels.”举个🌰：

Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease.

吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Meta-analysis can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some degree of error.（Wikipedia）

📍荟萃分析，又称“Meta分析”，Meta意指较晚出现的更为综合的事物，而且通常用于命名一个新的相关的并对原始学科进行评论的学问，不但包括数据结合，而且包括结果的流行病学探索和评价，以原始研究的发现取代个体作为分析实体。荟萃分析产生的主要的理由是：对于多个单独进行的研究而言，许多观察组样本过小，难以产生任何明确意见。（百度百科）

diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtɪs, -tiːz/ ‍表示“糖尿病；多尿症”，英文解释为“a medical condition caused by a lack of insulin , which makes the patient produce a lot of urine and feel very thirsty”。

mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。

morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。

But for most studies, there just aren't data available. The conclusion to take away: There's less evidence overall for a potential benefit, but still, there's no evidence of harmful associations.

但大多数的研究都缺乏相关数据。我们的结论是：总体而言，能证明无咖啡因咖啡潜在效益的证据较少，不过，也没有证据表明它有害。

Are the same benefits seen with tea?

喝茶也像喝咖啡同样有益么？

The literature on tea is about the same size as that for coffee, and reviewing it thoroughly would take more time than is appropriate for this column. However, a number of studies I reviewed did include tea in analyses, and those I can present here. People who drank more tea had a lower risk of Parkinson's disease and of cognitive decline. Black tea had a potential protective effect against diabetes, but it was not statistically significant. Green tea had no relationship to the development of diabetes.

有关茶的文献与关于咖啡的同样多，要将它们彻底查阅一番需要耗费很多时间，就本专栏而言似乎无需如此大费周章。不过，在我之前综述的研究中有一些确实也将茶纳入了分析，下面我就简单地介绍一下。喝茶较多的人患帕金森氏症以及认知功能减退的风险均较低。红茶（Black tea）或可预防糖尿病，但其不具备统计学显著性意义。绿茶与糖尿病的发生无相关性。

表示“认知的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：

As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 

随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

Is the benefit from caffeine or from some other element in coffee?

喝咖啡有益健康，是因为咖啡因还是咖啡中含有的其它成分的缘故？

It's not known. I also don't think it's necessarily the same protective effect in each disease. I think that for many of the neurological issues, it could be caffeine acting as a stimulant in the brain. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that decaffeinated coffee doesn't seem to be as protective, yet tea is. In some of the other diseases, though, the same benefits aren't seen from other caffeine-containing beverages. No one is arguing that diet soda consumption is associated with less of a chance of getting cancer. Additionally, some protective effects are seen with decaffeinated coffee as well. It's likely, therefore, that something else could be at work. We don't know what, though.

目前还不清楚。我认为，对不同疾病起预防作用的成分未必相同。比如，对于神经系统上的许多问题，可能是咖啡因在发挥大脑兴奋剂的作用。我的这个假设是有事实依据的：咖啡和茶都可以预防这些问题，而无咖啡因咖啡却无此功效。但是，对于别的一些疾病，饮用其它含咖啡因的饮料（caffeine-containing beverages）却未显示出同样的效益。从没有人提出饮用无糖汽水（diet soda）与患癌症的几率减少相关。此外，无咖啡因咖啡也同样可以预防某些疾病。因此，很可能还有别的东西在起作用，只不过我们还没有明确那具体是什么。

neurological /ˌnjʊərəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ 表示“神经系统的；神经（病）学的”，英文解释为“Neurological means related to the nervous system.”

🎬电影《奇异博士》（Doctor Strange）中的台词提到：I'm talking tonight at a neurological society dinner. 我要在今晚神经学学会晚宴上演讲。

表示“兴奋剂”，英文解释为“A stimulant is a drug that makes your body work faster, often increasing your heart rate and making you less likely to sleep.”举个🌰：

Coffee and tea are mild stimulants.

咖啡和茶是轻度兴奋剂。

What about high blood pressure or cholesterol?

那么，喝咖啡对高血压或胆固醇有什么影响么？

A 2005 meta-analysis found that in randomized controlled trials caffeine was associated with an increase in blood pressure. When that caffeine was from coffee, however, the blood pressure effect was small. A 2011 study found that caffeine intake could raise blood pressure for at least three hours. Again, though, there wasn't a significant relationship between long-term coffee consumption and higher blood pressure. A 2012 meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials and five cohort studies could find no significant effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure or hypertension.

2005年的一项荟萃分析发现，在随机对照试验中，咖啡因与血压升高相关。但是，当咖啡因来源于咖啡时，对血压的影响却很小。2011年的一项研究发现，摄入咖啡因的升血压效果至少可持续三个小时。但长期饮用咖啡与较高的血压之间依旧没有显著相关性。2012年的一项荟萃分析纳入了10项随机对照试验和五项队列研究，结果发现饮用咖啡对血压或高血压（hypertension）并无显著影响。

cohort study表示队列研究，队列研究是将某一特定人群按是否暴露于某可疑因素或暴露程度分为不同的亚组，追踪观察两组或多组成员结局（如疾病）发生的情况，比较各组之间结局发生率的差异，从而判定这些因素与该结局之间有无因果关联及关联程度的一种观察性研究方法。（百度百科）

cohort本身表示“（有共同特点或举止类同的）一群人，一批人”，英文解释为“a group of people who share a common feature or aspect of behaviour”如：the 1994 birth cohort，1994年出生的同龄人口 = all those born in 1994。

表示“高血压”，英文解释为“Hypertension is a medical condition in which a person has very high blood pressure.”

And, as has been reported in The New York Times, two studies have shown that drinking unfiltered coffee, like Turkish coffee, can lead to increases in serum cholesterol and triglycerides. But coffee that's been through a paper filter seems to have had the cholesterol-raising agent, known as cafestol, removed.

但是，正如《纽约时报》杂志（The New York Times）曾经报道的，有两项研究表明，饮用未过滤咖啡（如土耳其咖啡）可导致血清胆固醇（serum cholesterol）和甘油三酯（triglycerides）增加。但是，用滤纸过滤咖啡似乎可以去除掉升胆固醇的物质——咖啡醇。

cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəˌrɒl/ 表示“胆固醇”，英文解释为“Cholesterol is a substance that exists in the fat, tissues, and blood of all animals. Too much cholesterol in a person's blood can cause heart disease.”

High blood pressure and high cholesterol would be of concern because they can lead to heart disease or death. Drinking coffee is associated with better outcomes in those areas, and that's what really matters.

高血压和高胆固醇会引起人们的重视，是因为它们会导致心脏病甚至死亡。而喝咖啡对这些问题都有益处，这才是问题的关键所在。

Some readers were upset that I neglected to mention some of the deleterious effects of caffeine. What about jitteriness and mood changes?

我忘了提及咖啡因的有害影响，这让一部分读者感到不满。那么，喝咖啡与神经过敏和情绪变化之间有什么样的关系？

表示“有害的；造成伤害的；损害的”，英文解释为“Something that has a deleterious effect on something has a harmful effect on it.”

形容词jittery /ˈdʒɪtərɪ/，表示“神经过敏的，紧张不安的”，英文解释为“If someone is jittery, they feel nervous or are behaving nervously.”举个🌰：

International investors have become jittery about the country's economy.

国际投资者们已对该国的经济惴惴不安了。

I want to reiterate that the point of the piece was not to tell people to drink coffee. As I said in my recent article on food recommendations, I don't think there is much value in preaching or judging what others eat or drink. Moreover, this evidence is epidemiologic, that is, based on observations of patterns. I don't want to fall prey to the mistake of recommending we change our eating behavior without evidence from randomized controlled trials.

我想重申的是，本文的论点并非是要劝告大家都去喝咖啡。正如我在最近的一篇关于饮食建议的文章中所说，我认为对别人的食物和饮料指指点点说教评判没什么意义。而且，以上提出的都是流行病学证据，也就是说，它们都是从观测研究中发现的模式。在获得来自随机对照试验的证据之前，我可不想轻易建议大家改变当前的饮食行为，因为这种建议有可能是错误的。

表示“反复地说；重申”，英文解释为“to repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it”举个🌰：

Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.

我再说一遍，我们完全拥护这项政策。

1）表示“宣传，宣扬，宣讲（教义、生活方式、体制等）”，英文解释为“to tell people about a particular religion, way of life, system, etc. in order to persuade them to accept it”举个🌰：

He preached the virtues of capitalism to us.

他向我们宣扬资本主义的优点。

2）表示“ 说教”，英文解释为“to give sb advice on moral standards, behaviour, etc, especially in a way that they find annoying or boring”举个🌰：

You're preaching at me again!

你又在对我说教了！

1）表示“被捕食；成为猎物”，英文解释为“to be killed and eaten by another animal or bird”；

2）表示“受害；受坏影响”，英文解释为“to be harmed or affected by sth bad”。

The point of the article was to show that there's no evidence that coffee is bad for the average person. Data do not support the idea that we are drinking “too much.” Coffee does not appear to be associated with poor health outcomes — the opposite is true. In light of this, we should stop telling everyone to avoid it, or judging others for drinking it. We should also stop feeling guilty or feel we need to consume less.

本文只是想要指出，尚无证据表明咖啡对普通人有害。有人觉得我们喝咖啡“过多”，但现有数据并不支持这一观点。咖啡与损害健康无相关性——事实上，恰恰相反。有鉴于此，我们不应该再阻止大家喝咖啡，或者对喝咖啡的人指手画脚，也无需再因为自己爱喝咖啡而感到羞愧或者认为自己应该克制。

表示“根据；考虑到，鉴于”，英文解释为“If something is possible in the light of particular information, it is only possible because you have this information.”举个🌰：

In the light of this information it is now possible to identify a number of key issues.

根据这一信息，现在有可能发现很多关键问题。

🎬电影《完美音调2》（Pitch Perfect 2）中的台词提到：In light of this embarrassing 鉴于这个让人尴尬的...

📺美剧《硅谷》（Silicon Valley）中的台词提到：Well, in light of recent activities, it appears that I could do a goddamn thing about it. 有鉴于最近的种种 看来我还是有办法的。

That is, unless it's not making you feel well. As I also said before, individual trial and error is likely necessary when it comes to nutrition. Some people need to avoid caffeine for medical reasons, and they should. If coffee makes you feel bad, or makes it hard for you to sleep, or renders you a less likable person — then by all means feel free to cut back or stop.

当然，要是喝咖啡会让你感觉不舒服就另当别论了。我之前也说过，在涉及到营养问题时，可能有必要根据个人的具体情况来一番试错。有些人因为医学上的原因不能摄入咖啡因，那么他们就不应该喝咖啡。如果喝咖啡会让你感觉不舒服，令你难以入睡，或者会让你变成一个不太讨人喜欢的人，那么，你也尽可以少喝或者不喝咖啡。

表示“反复试验，试错法”，英文解释为“a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you make”举个🌰：

There's no instant way of finding a cure - it's just a process of trial and error.

找到治疗方案不可能一蹴而就——这只能是一个反复试验的过程。

1）此处意思是表示“使成为；使变得；使处于某种状态”，英文解释为to cause someone or something to be in a particular state，举个🌰：

His rudeness rendered me speechless.

他的粗暴无礼让我无言以对。

2）此前，在经济学人翻译的出路在哪里？这篇文章中就出现过，render表示“翻译，把...译成...”，通常用法为render sth into English/Russian/Chinese etc，将sth译成英语/俄语/汉语等，举个🌰：

She is rendering the book into English from French.

她正在把这本书从法语译成英语。

3）表示“（以某种方式）表达；表现”，英文解释为“to express or present something in a particular way”，如：a sculpture rendered in bronze 一尊青铜雕像；

4）还可以指“给予，提供”，英文解释为to give something to someone or do something, because it is your duty or because someone expects you to，如：an obligation to render assistance to those in need 为有困难的人提供援助的义务，举个🌰：

We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service.

我们看到铁路货运公司在提供优质服务的同时也赢得了丰厚的利润。

5）还还还可以表示“粉刷；给（墙壁）抹灰（或水泥）”，英文解释为to put a first layer of plaster or cement on a wall.

But if you like it, then by all means enjoy it.

但是，如果你喜欢咖啡，那就随心所欲地享用吧。

谢谢你看到这里呀

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