多国报告不明原因儿童肝炎病例

What Do Hepatitis Symptoms Look Like in Children?

The New York Times

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an alert on Thursday to physicians nationwide notifying them of a cluster of severe and unexplained hepatitis cases in otherwise healthy young children.

Between October 2021 and February 2022, nine children between the ages of 1 and 6 in Alabama were admitted to the hospital with acute hepatitis; two required liver transplants.

Similar cases have also popped up in North Carolina, as well as in Europe. The U.K. Health Security Agency has reported more than 100 cases of sudden-onset hepatitis in children under 10 since January 2022, 10 of whom required liver transplants.

Here’s what we know about these hepatitis cases, and what symptoms parents should watch for.

◐ What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis is a broad term used to describe inflammation of the liver, an organ that carries out hundreds of essential functions every day, from aiding digestion to clearing toxins from the blood. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, it is unable to perform many of those tasks.

“Acute” hepatitis refers to inflammation that comes on relatively quickly and does not last more than six months. It can be severe and lead to liver failure, as was the case with several children in Alabama. But hepatitis can also be relatively mild. It’s not uncommon for patients — particularly children — to have liver inflammation in the course of a simple, uncomplicated viral illness, explained Dr. Alexander Weymann, director of the Liver Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio.

◐ What symptoms should parents watch for?

Hepatitis symptoms are wide-ranging and overlap with many common illnesses. A child with hepatitis may experience fever (low-grade or more significant), fatigue, joint or muscle pain, loss of appetite or nausea, diarrhea and vomiting.

Children may also have abdominal pain or tenderness, particularly in the right upper abdomen, which is where the liver is located, Dr. Weymann said, and it is important to seek urgent medical attention any time a child shows sign of severe pain when their abdomen is touched. Doctors may consider other possible causes of abdominal pain, like appendicitis. Some children may have darker urine, or pale or clay-colored stools.

Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, is a hallmark sign of hepatitis — although it is possible to have significant liver inflammation and show no signs of jaundice.

“The first change is in the eyes: The white part begins to look yellow,” Dr. Weymann said.

He noted that it can be more difficult to detect jaundice in children who have darker skin, so parents should take even subtle changes in tone seriously.

“Typically, one won’t see ‘dramatic’ jaundice until the inflammation or dysfunction of the liver has progressed quite far already,” Dr. Weymann said.

◐ What is causing the recent hepatitis clusters?

Hepatitis can have many causes, from autoimmune disease to side effects of certain medications. Most often, it is caused by one of the five hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E). Depending on the type, viral hepatitis can spread through contact with blood and other bodily fluids or fecal matter, or by consuming raw or undercooked meats. But viral hepatitis has been ruled out in the recent pediatric clusters in the United States and abroad.

Instead, the C.D.C. suspects that the adenovirus is causing the current cases, though health officials caution that the investigation is ongoing. There are more than 50 types of adenoviruses, which tend to cause mild illness, such as colds and fevers, pink eye or vomiting and diarrhea.

In Alabama, all nine children tested positive for adenovirus. And of the five cases that were genetically sequenced, all had adenovirus type 41, which typically causes vomiting and diarrhea. A majority of the affected children in Britain, though not all, tested positive for adenovirus as well.

“It’s interesting that we’re really only seeing this in children less than 10 years, meaning that most people over 10 have immunity to adenovirus, and that may be why this hepatitis is showing up in young children,” said Dr. Jennifer Lighter, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist and hospital epidemiologist with N.Y.U. Langone Health in New York City.

But doctors and health officials have known that adenovirus infection can cause liver inflammation. That’s not new. What is unusual is for otherwise healthy young children to become so suddenly ill, which is why public health officials are spreading the word and continuing to probe other possible underlying causes.

◐ What can parents do?

Although health officials are not certain the adenovirus is causing the recent hepatitis clusters, parents can take steps to prevent transmission. Adenovirus spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets or through touching a surface with adenovirus on it. Children should be encouraged to wash their hands often and avoid touching their face and mouth to the extent it is possible — many of the same measures that help prevent the spread of Covid.

Parents should also remember that the C.D.C. alert is not a call for action or alarm. The overall risk of an otherwise healthy child suddenly developing severe hepatitis remains extremely low. Health officials simply want to alert pediatricians and other health care providers who may see young patients with hepatitis that they should now screen for adenovirus.

Treatment varies based on the type of hepatitis that a child has. For some types of viral hepatitis, there are drugs that can suppress or eliminate the virus, Dr. Weymann said. But for the vast majority of cases — like when a child comes in with liver inflammation and adenovirus — doctors focus on preventing or managing complications.

“That usually is sufficient, since the liver is really good at healing itself,” he added.

If you have concerns about symptoms like lethargy, pain or changes in skin or eye tone, reach out to your child’s pediatrician for an immediate evaluation, said Dr. Mobeen Rathore, chief of infectious diseases and immunology at Wolfson Children’s Hospital in Jacksonville, Fla.

“Parents notice what their kids look like all the time. That’s what we do,” Dr. Rathore said. “I don’t believe that if a child’s skin color changes that a parent is going to say, ‘Oh, that’s OK, let’s wait and see what happens tomorrow.’”

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注：中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

What Do Hepatitis Symptoms Look Like in Children?

The New York Times

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an alert on Thursday to physicians nationwide notifying them of a cluster of severe and unexplained hepatitis cases in otherwise healthy young children.

美国疾病控制与预防中心周四向全国医生发出警告，通知他们一些健康的幼儿中出现了一批严重且无法解释的肝炎病例。

hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪtɪs/ 表示“肝炎”，英文解释为“Hepatitis is a serious disease which affects the liver.”

表示“医生；（尤指）内科医生”，英文解释为“a medical doctor, especially one who has general skill and is not a surgeon”

1）表示“（人或动物的）群，团，组”，英文解释为“a group of people, animals or things close together”如：a cluster of spectators 一群旁观者；

2）表示“（同类物丛生或聚集的）簇，团，束，串”，英文解释为“a group of things of the same type that grow or appear close together”。

Between October 2021 and February 2022, nine children between the ages of 1 and 6 in Alabama were admitted to the hospital with acute hepatitis; two required liver transplants.

2021年10月至2022年2月，阿拉巴马州（Alabama）有九名一至六岁的儿童因急性肝炎入院；有两名儿童需要肝脏移植。

表示“接收…入院；收治”，英文解释为“to allow someone to enter a hospital because they need medical care”举个🌰：

She was admitted to hospital suffering from shock.

她因中风被送入医院救治。

1）表示“严峻的”，英文解释为“You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense.”举个🌰：

There is an acute shortage of water.

水严重短缺。

2）表示“（疾病）急性的”，英文解释为“an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous”如：acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎。

表示“（尤指器官的）移植”，英文解释为“a medical operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body”如：a liver/kidney transplant 肝脏/肾脏移植。

Similar cases have also popped up in North Carolina, as well as in Europe. The U.K. Health Security Agency has reported more than 100 cases of sudden-onset hepatitis in children under 10 since January 2022, 10 of whom required liver transplants.

类似的病例也出现在北卡罗来纳州（North Carolina）和欧洲。自2022年1月以来，英国卫生安全局报告了100多例10岁以下儿童突发性肝炎病例，其中10例需要肝脏移植。

表示“（尤指突然地）出现，发生”，英文解释为“to appear or happen, especially suddenly or unexpectedly”举个🌰：

She's one of those movie stars who pops up everywhere, on TV, in magazines, on Broadway.

她是那种四处露脸的影星，在电视上、杂志上、百老汇，到处可见她的身影。

表示“开端，发生，肇始（尤指不快的事件）”，英文解释为“the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant.”常用：the onset of sth 就是（不愉快事情）.的开始，如：the onset of winter 冬季的开始，the onset of the disease 疾病开始发作。

🎬电影《传染病》（Contagion）中的台词提到：I've been taking it since the onset of the symptoms. 症状一开始我就在服用它。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析拜登即将面临的经济挑战的文章中提到：So far there is little sign of the economic scarring that was feared at the onset of the crisis. 到目前为止，没什么迹象显示会出现疫情之初人们所担心的那种经济创伤。

📍-onset 后缀表示“发病，起病”，英文解释为“(of an illness or medical condition) starting at the stated time or in the stated way”如：early-onset dementia 早发性痴呆，sudden-onset hearing loss 突发性听力损失。

Here's what we know about these hepatitis cases, and what symptoms parents should watch for.

以下是我们对这些肝炎病例的了解，以及父母应该注意的症状。

表示“（疾病的）症状”，英文解释为“any feeling of illness or physical or mental change that is caused by a particular disease”举个🌰：

He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache, and so on.

他说他出现了所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等。

watch for 或者 watch out for sb/sth 表示“留神，密切注意，关注”，英文解释为“to be careful to notice someone or something interesting”举个🌰：

Watch out for his latest movie, out next month.

请关注他的新片，下个月就要上映了。

◐ What is hepatitis? 什么是肝炎？

Hepatitis is a broad term used to describe inflammation of the liver, an organ that carries out hundreds of essential functions every day, from aiding digestion to clearing toxins from the blood. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, it is unable to perform many of those tasks.

肝炎是一个宽泛的术语，用来描述肝脏的炎症。肝脏每天承担数百项基本功能，从帮助消化到清除血液中的毒素。当肝脏发炎或受损时，许多任务就无法完成。

表示“发炎；炎症”，英文解释为“An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.”

表示“消化；消化能力”，英文解释为“the process by which your body digests food, or your ability to digest food”举个🌰：

Discover how eating raw food helps balance your body and aids digestion.

弄清楚为什么生吃食物有助于身体的营养平衡并能促进消化。

toxin /ˈtɒksɪn/ 表示“毒素”，英文解释为“A toxin is any poisonous substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants.”

表示“红肿的；发炎的”，英文解释为“If part of your body is inflamed, it is red or swollen, usually as a result of an infection, injury, or illness.”举个🌰：

Symptoms include red, itchy and inflamed skin. 

症状包括皮肤红肿、瘙痒和发炎。

“Acute” hepatitis refers to inflammation that comes on relatively quickly and does not last more than six months. It can be severe and lead to liver failure, as was the case with several children in Alabama. But hepatitis can also be relatively mild. It’s not uncommon for patients — particularly children — to have liver inflammation in the course of a simple, uncomplicated viral illness, explained Dr. Alexander Weymann, director of the Liver Center at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio.

“急性”肝炎是指相对较快的炎症，持续时间不超过六个月。它可能会很严重，导致肝功能衰竭，阿拉巴马州的几个孩子就是如此。但肝炎也可能相对较轻。俄亥俄州哥伦布市全国儿童医院肝脏中心主任亚历山大·魏曼博士（Dr. Alexander Weymann）解释说，在简单、不复杂的病毒性疾病过程中，患者——尤其是儿童——出现肝脏炎症并不罕见。

◐ What symptoms should parents watch for? 父母应该注意哪些症状？

Hepatitis symptoms are wide-ranging and overlap with many common illnesses. A child with hepatitis may experience fever (low-grade or more significant), fatigue, joint or muscle pain, loss of appetite or nausea, diarrhea and vomiting.

肝炎症状广泛，并与许多常见疾病重叠。患有肝炎的儿童可能会出现发烧（低烧或更严重）、疲劳、关节或肌肉疼痛、食欲不振或恶心、腹泻和呕吐。

表示“范围广的；内容广泛的”，英文解释为“covering many subjects”如：a wide-ranging discussion 涉及范围很广的讨论。

可以作名词，也可以作动词，1）表示“（活动、课程或时间）相互重叠，有共同之处”，英文解释为“If two or more activities, subjects, or periods of time overlap, they have some parts that are the same.”举个🌰：

My musical tastes don't overlap with my brother's at all.

我对音乐的喜好和我弟弟完全不一样。

2）表示“（与…）交叠，（与…）部分重叠，叠盖”，英文解释为“to cover something partly by going over its edge; to cover part of the same space”举个🌰：

The fence is made of panels that overlap (each other).

这个围栏是由交叠的板条搭成的。

fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ 表示“疲劳；劳累”，英文解释为“a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise”，如：physical and mental fatigue 身体和精神的疲劳。

appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ 1）表示“食欲；胃口”，英文解释为“physical desire for food”举个🌰：

He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite.

他头痛且食欲不振。

2）表示“强烈欲望”，英文解释为“a strong desire for sth”举个🌰：

The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal.

公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。

nausea /ˈnɔːzɪə, -sɪə/ 表示“恶心，呕吐感”，英文解释为“”举个🌰：the feeling that you have when you think you are going to vomit (= bring food up from your stomach through your mouth)

类似的：

📍sickness表示“恶心；呕吐”，英文解释为“the feeling that you are about to bring up food from your stomach, or the act of bringing food up”。

diarrhea /ˌdaɪəˈrɪə/ = diarrhoea /ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/ 表示“腹泻”，英文解释为“an illness in which the body's solid waste is more liquid than usual and comes out of the body more often”如：diarrhoea and sickness 腹泻恶心。

vomit /ˈvɒm.ɪt/ 表示“呕吐”，英文解释为“to empty the contents of the stomach through the mouth”举个🌰：

He came home drunk and vomited all over the kitchen floor.

他醉醺醺地回到家里，在厨房里吐了一地。

Children may also have abdominal pain or tenderness, particularly in the right upper abdomen, which is where the liver is located, Dr. Weymann said, and it is important to seek urgent medical attention any time a child shows sign of severe pain when their abdomen is touched. Doctors may consider other possible causes of abdominal pain, like appendicitis. Some children may have darker urine, or pale or clay-colored stools.

魏曼说，儿童也可能出现腹部疼痛或压痛（tenderness），尤其是在右上腹，也就是肝脏所在的位置，因此，一旦触摸儿童的腹部出现剧烈疼痛，就必须立即寻求紧急医疗护理。医生可能会考虑腹痛的其他可能原因，如阑尾炎。一些孩子可能出现深色尿液，或苍白或粘土色的粪便。

abdominal /æbˈdɒmɪnəl/ 表示“腹部的”，英文解释为“Abdominal is used to describe something that is situated in the abdomen or forms part of it.”

tender作形容词，表示“（身体部位）疼痛的，一触即痛的”，英文解释为“(of part of the body) painful, sore, or uncomfortable when touched”举个🌰：

My arm was very tender after the injection.

打针后我的胳膊一碰就疼。

📍tenderness 名词，医学中表示“压痛”。腹部压痛（abdominal tenderness）是2019年公布的结核病学名词。

abdomen /ˈæbdəmən/表示“（人或动物的）腹（部）；（昆虫的）腹部”，英文解释为“the lower part of a person's or animal's body, containing the stomach, bowels, and other organs, or the end of an insect's body”。

appendicitis /əˌpen.dɪˈsaɪ.tɪs/ 表示“阑尾炎”，英文解释为“an illness in which the appendix is infected and painful and usually needs to be removed in an operation”

stool /stuːl/ 表示“粪便”，英文解释为“a piece of solid waste from the body”举个🌰：

He told the doctor he had been passing bloody stools.

他告诉医生他便血。

Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, is a hallmark sign of hepatitis — although it is possible to have significant liver inflammation and show no signs of jaundice.

黄疸，或皮肤和眼睛发黄，是肝炎的一个标志——然而一些明显的肝脏炎症也可能没有黄疸的迹象。

jaundice /ˈdʒɔːn.dɪs/ 表示“黄疸”，英文解释为“a serious disease in which substances not usually in the blood cause your skin and the white part of your eyes to turn yellow”

表示“特征，特点”，英文解释为“a typical characteristic or feature of a person or thing”举个🌰：

Simplicity is a hallmark of this design.

简洁是该设计的一个特点。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述联合利华老板的文章中提到：In the past the hallmark of a good boss was a strategic mind. 以前，一个好老板的标志是战略思维。

“The first change is in the eyes: The white part begins to look yellow,” Dr. Weymann said.

“第一个变化发生在眼睛：眼白部分开始发黄，”魏曼说。

He noted that it can be more difficult to detect jaundice in children who have darker skin, so parents should take even subtle changes in tone seriously.

他指出，肤色较深的孩儿童可能更难发现黄疸，所以父母应该认真对待颜色的细微变化。

1）表示“风格；基调，格调；气氛”，英文解释为“the general mood or main qualities of something”举个🌰：

I didn't like the jokey tone of the article - I thought it was inappropriate.

我不喜欢这篇文章的搞笑风格——我觉得这不恰当。

2）表示“色调；明暗；影调”，英文解释为“a form or degree of a colour”，如：warm tones of brown and yellow 棕色和黄色这种暖色调。

“Typically, one won’t see ‘dramatic’ jaundice until the inflammation or dysfunction of the liver has progressed quite far already,” Dr. Weymann said.

“通常情况下，直到肝脏炎症或功能障碍发展到相当严重的程度，人们才会看到‘明显的’黄疸，”魏曼博士说。

表示“功体失调；机能不良”，英文解释为“a problem or fault in a part of the body or a machine”举个🌰：

There appears to be a dysfunction in the patient's respiratory system.

患者的呼吸系统似乎出现功能失调。

◐ What is causing the recent hepatitis clusters? 是什么导致了最近的肝炎集体暴发？

Hepatitis can have many causes, from autoimmune disease to side effects of certain medications. Most often, it is caused by one of the five hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E). Depending on the type, viral hepatitis can spread through contact with blood and other bodily fluids or fecal matter, or by consuming raw or undercooked meats. But viral hepatitis has been ruled out in the recent pediatric clusters in the United States and abroad.

患肝炎的原因有很多，从自身免疫性疾病到某些药物的副作用。通常，病毒性肝炎是由五种肝炎病毒（甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型和戊型肝炎）引起的。根据类型不同，病毒性肝炎可通过接触血液和其他体液或粪便传播，或食用生肉或未煮熟的肉类传播。但最近美国和国外暴发的儿童肝炎，已将病毒性原因排除。

表示“副作用”，英文解释为“an unpleasant effect of a drug that happens in addition to the main effect”举个🌰：

Does this drug have any side effects?

这种药有什么副作用吗？

形容词，英式 faecal，美式 fecal /ˈfiːkəl/ 表示“排泄物的；残渣的；糟粕的”；名词：英式 faeces 美式 feces 表示“粪便；排泄物”，英文解释为“the solid waste passed out of the body of a human or animal through the bowels”

表示“使…成为不可能，使…不可能发生；把…排除在外；拒绝考虑；使无法参加”，英文解释为“If someone rules you out of a contest or activity, they say that you cannot be involved in it. If something rules you out of a contest or activity, it prevents you from being involved in it. To decide or say officially that something is impossible or will not happen, or that something or someone is not suitable”举个🌰：

The police haven't yet ruled out murder.

警察尚未排除谋杀的可能性。

英式 paediatric /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪk/美式 pediatric 表示“儿科学的，小儿科的”，英文解释为“relating to the medical care of children”如：paediatric medicine 儿科学。

Instead, the C.D.C. suspects that the adenovirus is causing the current cases, though health officials caution that the investigation is ongoing. There are more than 50 types of adenoviruses, which tend to cause mild illness, such as colds and fevers, pink eye or vomiting and diarrhea.

而疾病控制与预防中心怀疑是腺病毒（adenovirus）所致，不过卫生官员提醒，调查仍在进行中。腺病毒有50多种，往往会引起轻微的疾病，如感冒和发烧、红眼病（pink eye）或呕吐和腹泻。

adenovirus /ˌædɪnəʊˈvaɪrəs/ 表示“腺病毒”，英文解释为“any of a group of DNA viruses first discovered in adenoid tissue, most of which can cause respiratory diseases in man”

In Alabama, all nine children tested positive for adenovirus. And of the five cases that were genetically sequenced, all had adenovirus type 41, which typically causes vomiting and diarrhea. A majority of the affected children in Britain, though not all, tested positive for adenovirus as well.

在阿拉巴马州，所有九名儿童的腺病毒检测均呈阳性。在进行基因测序的五个病例中，所有人都携带41型腺病毒，这种病毒通常会导致呕吐和腹泻。在英国，大多数受感染的儿童，也被检测出腺病毒呈阳性，虽然不是全部。

“It’s interesting that we’re really only seeing this in children less than 10 years, meaning that most people over 10 have immunity to adenovirus, and that may be why this hepatitis is showing up in young children,” said Dr. Jennifer Lighter, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist and hospital epidemiologist with N.Y.U. Langone Health in New York City.

“令人关注的是，我们只在10岁以下的儿童中看到这种情况，这意味着大多数10岁以上的人对腺病毒有免疫力，可能正因如此，这种肝炎只在幼儿当中出现，”纽约市纽约大学朗格尼健康中心的儿科传染病专家和医院流行病学家詹妮弗·莱特博士说。

表示“免疫；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“a situation in which you are protected against disease or from legal action”举个🌰：

The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months.

注射这种疫苗会使你对这种疾病有长达6个月的免疫力。

epidemiologist /ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ 表示“流行病学家”，英文解释为“Epidemiologists are scientists who study diseases within populations of people. In essence, these public health professionals analyze what causes disease outbreaks in order to treat existing diseases and prevent future outbreaks.”

But doctors and health officials have known that adenovirus infection can cause liver inflammation. That’s not new. What is unusual is for otherwise healthy young children to become so suddenly ill, which is why public health officials are spreading the word and continuing to probe other possible underlying causes.

但是医生和卫生官员已经知道腺病毒感染会导致肝脏炎症。这并不新鲜。不寻常的是，原本健康的儿童突然患病，这就是为什么公共卫生官员将这一消息广而告之，并继续调查其他可能的潜在原因。

表示“散布消息”，英文解释为“to communicate a message to a lot of people”举个🌰：

We've arranged a meeting for next Thursday so if you see anyone do spread the word.

我们安排在下周四开会，你如果看到谁的话，务必告诉他一声。

◐ What can parents do? 父母能做什么？

Although health officials are not certain the adenovirus is causing the recent hepatitis clusters, parents can take steps to prevent transmission. Adenovirus spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets or through touching a surface with adenovirus on it. Children should be encouraged to wash their hands often and avoid touching their face and mouth to the extent it is possible — many of the same measures that help prevent the spread of Covid.

虽然卫生官员不确定腺病毒是导致最近肝炎集体暴发的原因，但父母可以采取措施防止传播。腺病毒在人与人之间传播是通过呼吸道飞沫（respiratory droplets）或接触带有腺病毒的表面。应该鼓励儿童经常洗手，尽可能避免触摸自己的脸和嘴——许多措施都和防止冠状病毒传播的措施一样。

respiratory /ˈrɛspərətərɪ/ 表示“呼吸的”，英文解释为“connected with breathing”，如：the respiratory system 呼吸系统，respiratory diseases 呼吸道疾病。

Parents should also remember that the C.D.C. alert is not a call for action or alarm. The overall risk of an otherwise healthy child suddenly developing severe hepatitis remains extremely low. Health officials simply want to alert pediatricians and other health care providers who may see young patients with hepatitis that they should now screen for adenovirus.

家长们还应该记住，疾控中心的警报不是呼吁采取行动或发出警报。一个原本健康的儿童突然发展为严重肝炎的总体风险仍然极低。卫生官员只是想提醒儿科医生和其他可能看到年幼肝炎患者的卫生保健提供者，现在应该筛查腺病毒。

Treatment varies based on the type of hepatitis that a child has. For some types of viral hepatitis, there are drugs that can suppress or eliminate the virus, Dr. Weymann said. But for the vast majority of cases — like when a child comes in with liver inflammation and adenovirus — doctors focus on preventing or managing complications.

治疗方法因儿童所患肝炎的类型而异。魏曼说，对于某些类型的病毒性肝炎，有药物可以抑制或消除病毒。但对于绝大多数病例，比如同时患有肝脏炎症和腺病毒的孩子，医生关注的是预防及处理并发症。

表示“压制；阻止；抑制”，英文解释为“to prevent sth from growing, developing or continuing”举个🌰：

The virus suppresses the body's immune system.

这种病毒会抑制人体的免疫系统。

表示“并发症”，英文解释为“A complication is a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness or disease.”举个🌰：

Blindness is a common complication of diabetes.

失明是糖尿病常有的一种并发症。

“That usually is sufficient, since the liver is really good at healing itself,” he added.

“这通常就足够了，因为肝脏的自愈能力真的很强，”他还说。

If you have concerns about symptoms like lethargy, pain or changes in skin or eye tone, reach out to your child’s pediatrician for an immediate evaluation, said Dr. Mobeen Rathore, chief of infectious diseases and immunology at Wolfson Children’s Hospital in Jacksonville, Fla.

佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔市沃尔夫森儿童医院传染病和免疫学主任莫贝·拉托尔说，如果孩子的嗜睡、疼痛、皮肤或眼睛颜色变化等症状令你担忧，请立即联系孩子的儿科医生进行评估。

lethargy /ˈleθ.ə.dʒi/ 表示“没精打采，懒散；无生气，呆滞”，英文解释为“the feeling of having little energy or of being unable or unwilling to do anything”举个🌰：

Symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, and vomiting.

症状包括食欲不振、昏昏欲睡和呕吐。

“Parents notice what their kids look like all the time. That’s what we do,” Dr. Rathore said. “I don’t believe that if a child’s skin color changes that a parent is going to say, ‘Oh, that’s OK, let’s wait and see what happens tomorrow.’”

“父母持续关注孩子的样子。这就是我们要做的，”拉托尔说。“我不相信，如果孩子的肤色发生了变化，父母会说，‘哦，没关系，我们再等等，看明天会怎么样。’”

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