食物的颜色会影响食欲吗？

前阵子，雪碧将放弃绿瓶文中有小伙伴提出想看“颜色与食欲”的文章，今天没什么瓜我们就一起来看看。

无注释原文：

Dieting? How Colors Impact Food Appeal and Appetite

Psychology Today

July 8, 2019

When Counting Calories, Colors Matter

Have you ever suddenly developed an appetite from a passing glance at a freeway billboard featuring a brightly colored cheeseburger, or decided to step into a candy or ice cream store displaying a window full of vibrant shades and hues of sweet treats? If so, you are in good company. Unless we are medically restricted or diligently dieting, we are not likely to abstain from appetizing fare simply because we recognize the lack of nutritional value.

Beverages are showcased in the same fashion. As evidenced by the neon, tropical blue concoction prominently featured on the cover of the cocktail menu, bright colors are appealing and appetizing. Drab hues are not. When was the last time you got excited about a food that was grey? You probably eat oatmeal because you know it is good for you; not because you find it visually appealing.

Research corroborates the fact that when it comes to taste and sensation, colors matter. Devina Wadhera and Elizabeth D. Capaldi-Phillips in "A Review of Visual Cues Associated with Food” (2014) demonstrate how visual cues impacts eating behavior.[i]

They recognize the impact of sensory cues on food consumption and enjoyment, and the potential they have to promote healthy eating behavior in both children and adults. In addition to taste, cues include odor, texture, flavor, and appearance—which is the initial food cue because our eyes provide our first contact with potential edibles.

Wadhera and Capaldi-Phillips cite prior research in providing some interesting examples of the visual impact of different color schemes on taste and food enjoyment. They note that pink food on a white plate was perceived as sweeter and more flavorful than the same food on a black plate, and hot chocolate in a red cup was rated as more enjoyable than when it was served in a white cup. Consider this the next time you are served a piece of birthday cake, or over the holidays when you are enjoying warm beverages served in holiday-themed mugs.

What about when you are thirsty? Wadhera and Capaldi-Phillips note that beverages served in blue glasses have been rated as more thirst quenching than when served in yellow, red, or green glasses. Apparently, we consume with more of our senses than we consciously realize.

So given the rainbow of colors swirling around us when faced with so many tantalizing food choices, is there any way to reign in our inclination to indulge? Thankfully, some research says yes.

Colors Impact Consumption

Oliver Genschow et al. (2012) demonstrated that when it comes to eating less, colors impact consumption.[ii] They specifically researched the effect of the color red, which they note has been shown to prompt avoidance motivation in other contexts. Within the context of eating, they found that people ate fewer pretzels when using a red plate, as opposed to white or blue, and drank less from a red cup than a blue cup. They suggest that the color red reduces food and beverage intake by functioning as a subconscious stop signal.

They note, however, that their study examined the impact of the color red as part of the environment, not as the color of the food or beverage consumed. And query whether a red plate full of peanut MnMs would have produced the same results as the pretzels.

Colorful Meal Plans Seasoned With Sensibility

Instead of donning a pair of sunglasses to mute the appetizing hues of food cues, consider the value of discipline. Healthy eating involves intentional choices, not mindless responses to sensory stimuli.

And before you invest in a fleet of red tableware to trim down, remember that what goes onto those plates is much more important. A lovely slice of red velvet cake can fit onto a red plate as easily as a head of lettuce—albeit with drastically different sensory and nutritional value. And no doubt hot chocolate looks better in a red mug than herbal tea, although it probably tastes much better in a mug of any color.

References

[i]Devina Wadhera and Elizabeth D. Capaldi-Phillips. "A Review of Visual Cues Associated with Food on Food Acceptance and Consumption." Eating Behaviors 15, no. 1 (2014): 132-43.

[ii]Oliver Genschow, Leonie Reutner, and Michaela Wänke. "The Color Red Reduces Snack Food and Soft Drink Intake." Appetite 58, no. 2 (2012): 699-702.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Dieting? How Colors Impact Food Appeal and Appetite

Psychology Today

July 8, 2019

When Counting Calories, Colors Matter

当计算卡路里时，颜色很重要

Have you ever suddenly developed an appetite from a passing glance at a freeway billboard featuring a brightly colored cheeseburger, or decided to step into a candy or ice cream store displaying a window full of vibrant shades and hues of sweet treats? If so, you are in good company. Unless we are medically restricted or diligently dieting, we are not likely to abstain from appetizing fare simply because we recognize the lack of nutritional value.

你是否曾经在高速公路上匆匆扫了一眼色彩鲜艳的芝士汉堡广告牌，突然产生了食欲，或者决定走进一家橱窗里摆满了颜色鲜艳的甜食的糖果店或冰淇淋店？如果是这样，那么你并不孤单（很多人和你一样）。除非我们受到医学限制或努力减肥，否则我们不太可能仅仅因为认识到缺乏营养价值而放弃开胃的食物。

appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ 1）表示“食欲；胃口”，英文解释为“physical desire for food”举个🌰：

He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite.

他头痛且食欲不振。

2）表示“强烈欲望”，英文解释为“a strong desire for sth”举个🌰：

The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal.

公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。

可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“一瞥，看一眼”，英文解释为“to quickly look at someone or something”举个🌰：

She took/cast a glance at her watch.

她看了一下手表。

The man glanced nervously at his watch.

那人紧张地看了一眼手表。

表示“高速公路”，英文解释为“a wide road for fast-moving traffic, especially in the US, with a limited number of places at which drivers can enter and leave it”如：the Santa Monica freeway 圣塔莫妮卡高速公路。

表示“（尤指路旁的）大型广告牌”，英文解释为“a very large board on which advertisements are shown, especially at the side of a road”。

1）表示“活跃的；精力充沛的；热情洋溢的”，英文解释为“energetic, exciting, and full of enthusiasm”如：a vibrant young performer 充满朝气的年轻演员。

2）表示“（色彩）鲜艳的；（光线）明亮的”，英文解释为“Vibrant colour or light is bright and strong.”举个🌰：

He always uses vibrant colours in his paintings.

他在画中经常运用鲜艳的色彩。

熟词僻义，通常用法a xx shade (of sth)，表示“浓淡深浅；色度；色调”，英文解释为“a particular form of a colour, that is, how dark or light it is”如：an unusual shade of yellow/an unusual yellow shade 少见的黄色，a delicate/pale shade of red 淡/浅的红色，a rich/soft shade of red 艳/柔和的红色。

表示“颜色；色度；色调”，英文解释为“a colour; a particular shade of a colour”举个🌰：

His face took on an unhealthy whitish hue.

他的脸上透出一丝病态的苍白。

🎬电影《恶老板2》（Horrible Bosses 2）中的台词提到：就因为我的肤色 我就知道从哪儿拿到...？Because of the hue of my skin I know where to get ...?

表示“（有同样问题的）大有人在”，英文解释为“to have the same problem as many other people”举个🌰：

"I can't play tennis - I'm hopeless at it!" "Oh well, you're in good company."

“我不会打网球——我对网球一窍不通！”“噢，是吗，像你这样的大有人在。”

abstain /æbˈsteɪn/ 1）表示“节制；戒绝（尤指不好的享乐）”，英文解释为“to not do something, especially something enjoyable that you think might be bad”举个🌰：

He took a vow to abstain from alcohol/smoking.

他发誓戒酒/戒烟。

2）表示“弃权”，英文解释为“to decide not to use your vote”举个🌰：

30 members voted in favour, 2 opposed, and 1 abstained.

30名成员投票赞成，2票反对，1票弃权。

🎬电影《灵通人士》（In the Loop）中的台词提到：That he needs the Chinese to at least abstain on the security council. 他需要中国至少在安理会上弃权。

appetizing /ˈæp.ə.taɪ.zɪŋ/表示“开胃的；刺激食欲的”，英文解释为“Appetizing food or smells make you want to eat.”如：appetizing smells from the kitchen 厨房飘来的令人垂涎的香味。

熟词僻义，表示“常见的东西；供大众使用的东西（尤指娱乐活动）”，英文解释为“material provided for use, consumption, or enjoyment”。

表示“（餐馆的）饭菜，食品，食物”，英文解释为“the type of food that is served in a restaurant”

「经济学人」Home comforts文中提到，fare作动词，表示“进展；成功；遭遇”，直白地解释就是，xxx做得好/做得不好，表现得好/表现不好，后面可接well或者是badly（文中为比较级），英文解释为“If you say that someone or something fares well or badly, you are referring to the degree of success they achieve in a particular situation or activity.”举个🌰：

How did you fare in your exams?

你考得怎么样？

🎬电影《总统杀局》（The Ides of March）中的台词提到：And you wouldn't fare too well in federal prison.你在联邦监狱也不会好过。

Beverages are showcased in the same fashion. As evidenced by the neon, tropical blue concoction prominently featured on the cover of the cocktail menu, bright colors are appealing and appetizing. Drab hues are not. When was the last time you got excited about a food that was grey? You probably eat oatmeal because you know it is good for you; not because you find it visually appealing.

饮料也以同样的方式展示。鸡尾酒菜单封面上醒目的霓虹热带蓝色鸡尾酒就证明了这一点，鲜艳的颜色既吸引人又开胃。单调的色彩则不然。你上一次对灰色的食物感到兴奋是什么时候？你吃燕麦片可能是因为你知道它对你有好处，而不是因为你觉得它在视觉上有吸引力。

表示“饮料”，英文解释为“Beverages are drinks.”如：alcoholic beverages 含酒精的饮料。

表示“热带的；来自热带的；产于热带的”，英文解释为“coming from, found in or typical of the tropics”如：tropical fish 热带鱼。

concoction /kənˈkɒk.ʃən/ 表示“（古怪或少见的）混合物，调合物，调配品（尤指饮料或药物）”，英文解释为“a strange or unusual mixture of things, especially drinks or medicines”如：a concoction of cream and rum 奶油和朗姆酒调制的怪味饮料。

drab /dræb/ 1）表示“（色彩）暗淡的，暗沉的”，英文解释为“not bright in colour, especially in a way that stops you from feeling cheerful”举个🌰：

The walls were painted a drab green.

墙刷成了暗绿色。

2）表示“乏味的，单调的”，英文解释为“boring”如：people forced to live grey, drab existences in ugly towns 被迫在丑陋的城市里过着平淡乏味生活的人。

3）in dribs and drabs表示“少量地，零星地”，英文解释为“in small irregular amounts or numbers over a period of time”举个🌰：

The guests arrived in dribs and drabs.

客人们三三两两地到来。

Research corroborates the fact that when it comes to taste and sensation, colors matter. Devina Wadhera and Elizabeth D. Capaldi-Phillips in "A Review of Visual Cues Associated with Food” (2014) demonstrate how visual cues impacts eating behavior.[i]

研究证实了这样一个事实，即当涉及到味觉和感觉时，颜色很重要。德维娜·瓦德赫拉（Devina Wadhera）和伊丽莎白·卡帕尔迪-菲利普斯（Elizabeth D. Capaldi-Phillips）在“与食物相关的视觉信号评论”（2014）中展示了视觉信号如何影响饮食行为。[i]

corroborate /kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt/ 表示“证实，确证”，英文解释为“to add proof to an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information”举个🌰：

Recent research seems to corroborate his theory.

最新研究似乎证实了他的理论。

表示“线索，暗示；信号”，英文解释为“a signal for someone to do something”举个🌰：

They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party.

他们开始洗刷碗碟了，这就是暗示我们该离开聚会了。

They recognize the impact of sensory cues on food consumption and enjoyment, and the potential they have to promote healthy eating behavior in both children and adults. In addition to taste, cues include odor, texture, flavor, and appearance—which is the initial food cue because our eyes provide our first contact with potential edibles.

他们指出了感官信号对食物消耗和享受的影响，以及它们在促进儿童和成人健康饮食行为方面的潜力。除了味道，信号还包括气味、质地、味道和外观——这是最初的食物信号，因为我们的眼睛提供了我们与潜在食物的第一次接触。

odor/odour 表示“气味；臭味”，英文解释为“a smell, especially one that is unpleasant”，如：a foul/musty/pungent odor 难闻的气味、难闻的霉味、刺鼻的气味等。

texture表示“（摸上去的）质地，质感，纹理”，英文解释为“The texture of something is the way that it feels when you touch it, for example how smooth or rough it is.”如：the soft texture of velvet 天鹅绒柔软的质地。

Wadhera and Capaldi-Phillips cite prior research in providing some interesting examples of the visual impact of different color schemes on taste and food enjoyment. They note that pink food on a white plate was perceived as sweeter and more flavorful than the same food on a black plate, and hot chocolate in a red cup was rated as more enjoyable than when it was served in a white cup. Consider this the next time you are served a piece of birthday cake, or over the holidays when you are enjoying warm beverages served in holiday-themed mugs.

瓦德赫拉和卡帕尔迪-菲利普斯引用了先前的研究，提供了一些有趣的例子，说明不同配色方案对味觉和食物享受的视觉影响。他们指出，白色盘子里的粉色食物被认为比黑色盘子里的相同食物更甜、更美味，红色杯子里的巧克力热饮被认为比白色杯子里的更令人愉快。下次你收到一块生日蛋糕时，或者在假期里，当你享受节日主题杯子里的热饮时，考虑一下这一点。

1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：

He perceived a tiny figure in the distance.

他注意到远处有个很小的身影。

2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：

How do the French perceive the British?

法国人是如何看待英国人的？

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。

表示“（盛热饮用的）大杯子”，英文解释为“a large cup with straight sides used for hot drinks”举个🌰：

I made myself a large mug of cocoa (= enough to fill a mug) and went to bed.

我为自己冲了一大杯可可饮料，然后钻进了被窝。

What about when you are thirsty? Wadhera and Capaldi-Phillips note that beverages served in blue glasses have been rated as more thirst quenching than when served in yellow, red, or green glasses. Apparently, we consume with more of our senses than we consciously realize.

当你口渴的时候呢？瓦德赫拉和卡帕尔迪-菲利普斯指出，蓝色玻璃杯中的饮料比黄色、红色或绿色玻璃杯中的饮料更能解渴。显然，我们在吃喝时使用的感官比我们意识到的要多。

quench /kwentʃ/ 1）表示“解渴”，英文解释为“to drink liquid so that you stop being thirsty”举个🌰：

When it's hot, it's best to quench your thirst with water.

大热天最好喝水解渴。

2）表示“扑灭，熄灭”，英文解释为“to use water to put out a fire”举个🌰：

The flames were quenched by heavy rain.

大雨浇灭了熊熊燃烧的大火。

📍Quenching，淬灭，源于金属学中的淬火，原意是指快速冷却，用来防止低温相变、提高金属硬度等，还可以用于制备金属玻璃。在这里，淬灭表明在荧光过程中，光子产生的数量在很短的时间内衰减或者消失。（百度百科）

So given the rainbow of colors swirling around us when faced with so many tantalizing food choices, is there any way to reign in our inclination to indulge? Thankfully, some research says yes.

那么，考虑到我们周围彩虹般的色彩，当面对如此多诱人的食物选择时，有没有办法控制我们尽情享用的倾向呢？谢天谢地，一些研究表明是有办法的。

tantalize /ˈtæntəˌlaɪz/ 1）tantalize作动词，表示“（以可望而不可及之物）逗引，招惹，使干着急”，英文解释为“If someone or something tantalizes you, they make you feel hopeful and excited about getting what you want, usually before disappointing you by not letting you have what they appeared to offer.”如：the dreams that have so tantalized them让他们可望而不可及的梦想。

2）tantalizing作形容词，表示“逗引性的；挑逗性的”（Something that is tantalizing causes desire and excitement in you, but is unlikely to provide a way of satisfying that desire.）举个🌰：

A tantalizing aroma of roast beef fills the air.

烤牛肉诱人的香味弥漫在空气中。

reign /reɪn/ 1）表示“统治；当政；为王；为君”，英文解释为“to rule as king, queen, emperor , etc.”举个🌰：

Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901.

维多利亚女王自1837年至1901年在位。

2）从第一个含义引申出来，可以解释为“主宰；盛行；成为最显著的 ”，英文解释为“to be the most obvious feature of a place or moment”举个🌰：

Confusion reigned about how the debate would end.

这场辩论将如何结束的问题令人困惑。

📍写作里可以试试这个表达，xxx reigned. 表示某个东西“占据了主导地位”，既简洁又高级。当然，要注意主语单复数/可不可数。

At last silence reigned (= there was complete silence).

最后，万籁俱寂。

🎬电影《黑衣人2》（Men in Black II）中的台词提到：We have lived by its word, and peace has reigned throughout our world. 我们一直谨守诫律 和平相处。

1）表示“倾向；爱好；意向”，英文解释为“a feeling that you want to do a particular thing, or the fact that you prefer or are more likely to do a particular thing”举个🌰：

My own inclination would be to look for another job.

我个人的意向是另找一份工作。

2）表示“倾角，斜角”，英文解释为“the angle at which something slopes”。

表示“（使）沉溺于；（尤指）放纵”，英文解释为“to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you”举个🌰：

I love champagne but I don't often indulge myself.

我爱喝香槟，但一般都有节制。

Colors Impact Consumption

颜色影响消耗量

Oliver Genschow et al. (2012) demonstrated that when it comes to eating less, colors impact consumption.[ii] They specifically researched the effect of the color red, which they note has been shown to prompt avoidance motivation in other contexts. Within the context of eating, they found that people ate fewer pretzels when using a red plate, as opposed to white or blue, and drank less from a red cup than a blue cup. They suggest that the color red reduces food and beverage intake by functioning as a subconscious stop signal.

奥利弗·根肖（Oliver Genschow）等人（2012）证明，当涉及到少吃时，颜色会影响消耗量。[ii]他们专门研究了红色的影响，他们指出，在其他情境下，红色已被证明会促使人们产生回避动机。在饮食的情境下，他们发现，与白色或蓝色相比，人们在使用红色盘子时吃的椒盐脆饼干更少，并且用红色杯子比用蓝色杯子喝得少。他们认为红色通过充当潜意识的停止信号来减少食物和饮料的摄入量。

表示“以及其他人；等人；等等（et alia的缩写）”，英文解释为“abbreviation for et alia: and others. It is used in formal writing to avoid a long list of names of people who have written something together.”举个🌰：

The method is described in an article by LR et al.

该方法在LR等人的一篇文章中有所介绍。

1）表示“（事情存在、发生的）背景，环境”，英文解释为“the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it”举个🌰：

It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context.

结合历史背景解读他戏剧作品中所有的争斗和流血事件，这点很重要。

2）表示“上下文；语境”，英文解释为“the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning”。

补充：

📍out of context表示“脱离上下文”，英文解释为“If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that their meaning is not clear or is not understood.”举个🌰：

The reporter took my remarks completely out of context.

记者引用我的话完全是断章取义。

🎬 电影《钢铁侠2》（Iron Man 2）的台词中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脱离上下文只读一段是不能体现...

pretzel /ˈpret.səl/ 表示“椒盐卷饼；椒盐脆饼干”，英文解释为“a hard salty biscuit that has been baked especially in stick or knot shapes”

They note, however, that their study examined the impact of the color red as part of the environment, not as the color of the food or beverage consumed. And query whether a red plate full of peanut MnMs would have produced the same results as the pretzels.

然而，他们指出，他们的研究将红色作为环境的一部分而不是所食用的食物或饮料的颜色进行了研究。并对装满巧克力豆的红色盘子是否会产生与椒盐卷饼相同的结果表示疑虑。

Colorful Meal Plans Seasoned With Sensibility

理性计划丰富多彩的一日三餐

Instead of donning a pair of sunglasses to mute the appetizing hues of food cues, consider the value of discipline. Healthy eating involves intentional choices, not mindless responses to sensory stimuli.

与其戴上一副太阳镜来掩盖食物诱人的色彩信号，不如考虑自律的价值。健康饮食涉及有意识的选择，而不是对感官刺激的盲目反应。

熟词僻义，作动词，表示“给…调味，加调料于”，英文解释为“to improve the flavour of savoury food by adding salt, herbs, or spices when cooking or preparing it”举个🌰：

Drain the rice, stir in the salmon and season to taste (= so that it has the taste you like).

把米饭沥干，拌入鲑鱼，然后根据个人口味加入调料。

表示“穿戴上”，英文解释为“to put on a piece of clothing”举个🌰：

He donned his finest coat and hat.

他穿上了他最帅的外套，戴上了他最好的帽子。

📺美剧《权力的游戏》（Game of Thrones）中的台词提到：My father has donned the ancient crown of salt and rock 我父亲已戴上海盐与磐石的古老王冠。

And before you invest in a fleet of red tableware to trim down, remember that what goes onto those plates is much more important. A lovely slice of red velvet cake can fit onto a red plate as easily as a head of lettuce—albeit with drastically different sensory and nutritional value. And no doubt hot chocolate looks better in a red mug than herbal tea, although it probably tastes much better in a mug of any color.

在你购买一大堆红色餐具来控制饮食之前，请记住，放在盘子里的东西要重要得多。一块诱人的红天鹅绒蛋糕可以像生菜一样轻松地装在红色盘子里——尽管其感官和营养价值截然不同。毫无疑问，热巧克力在红色杯子里看起来比草药茶更好，尽管它在任何颜色的杯子里尝起来都可能更好。

表示“餐具（总称）”，英文解释为“the knives, forks, spoons, plates, glasses, etc. used for meals”

表示“（使）变小；缩减”，英文解释为“to become smaller in size; to make sth smaller”举个🌰：

Using the diet he's trimmed down from 90 kilos to 70.

通过控制饮食，他的体重从90公斤减到了70公斤。

albeit /ɔːlˈbiː.ɪt/ 表示“尽管；虽然”，英文解释为“although”举个🌰：

He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.

尽管勉强，他最后还是同意帮助我们。

- 今日盘点 -

appetite

glance

freeway

billboard

vibrant

shade

hue

be in good company

abstain

appetizing

fare

beverage

tropical

concoction

drab

corroborate

cue

odor

texture

perceive

mug

quench

tantalize

reign

inclination

indulge

et al.

context

pretzel

season

don

tableware

trim down

albeit

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- 推荐阅读 -

2022政府工作报告中英文对照注释版

为了这个合集，准备了整整1年7月

「LearnAndRecord」2021大盘点

写在七周年的话

- END -