盘点2022年第一次发生的事

还剩10天就到2023啦，朋友们。

🤔️小作业：

无注释原文：

Things That Happened for the First Time in 2022

The New York Times

1. Apple becomes the first company to reach a stock market value of $3 trillion.

In January, Apple’s value briefly hit the $3 trillion mark, making it the first publicly traded company to do so. Its value has since declined, as it and other companies face a skittish economy still reeling from the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and record inflation. Apple was also the first company to be valued at $1 trillion, in 2018, and $2 trillion, in 2020.

2. Victoria’s Secret features a model with Down's syndrome.

The Puerto Rican model Sofía Jirau is the first woman with Down's syndrome to become a Victoria’s Secret model. She appears in the fashion company’s Love Cloud ad campaign, which emphasizes diversity and inclusivity.

3. Microplastics are detected in human blood.

A study published in March in Environment International found microplastics in human blood. About half of the participants in the study had polyethylene terephthalate — a polymer used in water bottles and food packaging, among other everyday items — in their bloodstream. Scientists had previously established that people are exposed to microscopic particles of plastic through the food they eat, the water they drink and the air they breathe.

4. An ice shelf collapses in East Antarctica.

The Conger ice shelf collapsed in mid-March, the first such collapse in the eastern part of Antarctica since satellites started recording activity there in 1979. The collapse of the 450-square-mile stretch of ice occurred sooner than expected, according to experts, and in a part of the continent that is considered less vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

5. Scientists capture an image of the Milky Way’s black hole.

In May, scientists unveiled the first image of Sagittarius A*, a black hole at the center of our galaxy. It was the result of an international effort known as the Event Horizon Telescope project. In 2019, the same team of scientists unveiled the first image of a black hole at the center of the galaxy M87, which is 1,500 times larger than Sagittarius A*.

6. Women referee at men’s World Cup.

Stéphanie Frappart of France became the first woman lead referee at a men’s World Cup match when she officiated a game between Costa Rica and Germany in Qatar in December. This was also the first men’s World Cup game to have an all-woman referee team: Ms. Frappart’s assistants were Neuza Back of Brazil and Karen Diaz Medina of Mexico.

7. South Korea launches a satellite using its own rocket.

South Korea successfully launched a satellite using its Nuri rocket, built by the government’s Aerospace Research Institute and domestic companies. The event ushered in an ambitious new space era for the country and was a rallying point of communal pride. South Korea aims to land a spacecraft on the moon by 2030.

8. A paralyzed man dies by legally assisted suicide in Italy.

In June, Federico Carboni, a 44-year-old man paralyzed for 12 years after a traffic accident, became the first person in Italy to die by legally assisted suicide. In 2019, Italy’s highest court ruled that assisted suicide is legal under certain circumstances, a widely debated issue in a predominantly Roman Catholic country.

9. Women are appointed to high-level positions in the Vatican and Al Azhar.

For the first time, three women were appointed to a Vatican committee that advises Pope Francis on candidates for bishops in the Catholic Church. And in Egypt, the Al Azhar Mosque named a woman as an adviser to the grand imam, Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, a first in the Islamic institution’s 1,000-year history.

10. More Americans are smoking marijuana than cigarettes.

A Gallup report released in August revealed that more Americans are smoking marijuana than cigarettes for the first time on record. About 16 percent of the Americans polled said they currently smoke marijuana, five percentage points more than those who reported smoking cigarettes. Cigarette use has continued to decline since its peak during the mid-1950s, when 45 percent of Americans reported that they smoked.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Things That Happened for the First Time in 2022

The New York Times

1. Apple becomes the first company to reach a stock market value of $3 trillion. 苹果公司成为首家市值突破3万亿美元的公司

In January, Apple's value briefly hit the $3 trillion mark, making it the first publicly traded company to do so. Its value has since declined, as it and other companies face a skittish economy still reeling from the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and record inflation. Apple was also the first company to be valued at $1 trillion, in 2018, and $2 trillion, in 2020.

今年1月，苹果公司估值一度触及3万亿美元大关，成为首家达到这一水平的上市公司。此后，苹果公司估值有所下降，因为它和其他公司面临着仍受新冠肺炎疫情和创纪录通胀影响的不稳定经济。苹果公司也分别在2018年和2020年成为第一家估值达1万亿和2万亿美元的公司。

skittish /ˈskɪt.ɪʃ/ 1）表示“（人或动物）不安的，易受惊的”，英文解释为“(of people and animals) nervous or easily frightened”举个🌰：

My horse is very skittish, so I have to keep him away from traffic. 我的马很容易受惊，因此我得让它远离车流。

2）表示“（人）易变的；反复无常的”，英文解释为“(of a person) not serious and likely to change their beliefs or opinions often”

3）表示“说变就变的；变幻莫测的”，英文解释为“likely to change suddenly”如：skittish financial markets 变幻莫测的金融市场。

表示“发蒙；感到眩晕；感到震惊；感觉心烦意乱”，英文解释为“If you reel, or your mind or brain reels, you feel very confused or shocked and unable to act.”举个🌰：

We were reeling (in amazement/shock/delight) from/with the news that we had won all that money. 得知赢了那么多钱，我们都（惊愕得/震惊得/高兴得）发蒙了。

I was still reeling from the shock. 我吓得依然昏头转向。

作形容词，表示“创纪录的；空前的”，英文解释为“at a higher level than ever achieved before”举个🌰：

The long hot summer has led to a record harvest this year. 这个夏天漫长而又炎热，使得今年成为一个创纪录的丰收年。

表示“通货膨胀”，英文解释为“a general, continuous increase in prices”如：high/low inflation 高/低通货膨胀。

2. Victoria's Secret features a model with Down's syndrome. 维多利亚的秘密迎来首位唐氏综合征模特

The Puerto Rican model Sofía Jirau is the first woman with Down's syndrome to become a Victoria's Secret model. She appears in the fashion company's Love Cloud ad campaign, which emphasizes diversity and inclusivity.

波多黎各模特索菲娅·吉劳（Sofía Jirau）成为首位患有唐氏综合征的维密模特。她出现在该时尚公司的Love Cloud系列广告宣传活动中，该活动强调了多样性和包容性。

Down's syndrome /ˈdaʊnz ˌsɪn.drəʊm/ 表示“唐氏综合征”，英文解释为“a genetic condition in which a person is born with learning difficulties and particular physical characteristics”

表示“多样性，多样化”，英文解释为“the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of different things or people”举个🌰：

Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？

inclusivity /ˌɪn.kluːˈsɪv.ɪ.ti/ 表示“具有包容性”，英文解释为“the quality of trying to include many different types of people and treat them all fairly and equally”

3. Microplastics are detected in human blood. 人体血液中检出微塑料

A study published in March in Environment International found microplastics in human blood. About half of the participants in the study had polyethylene terephthalate — a polymer used in water bottles and food packaging, among other everyday items — in their bloodstream. Scientists had previously established that people are exposed to microscopic particles of plastic through the food they eat, the water they drink and the air they breathe.

今年3月发表在《环境国际》上的一项研究发现，人体血液中存在微塑料。这项研究的参与者中，约有一半人的血液中含有聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（polyethylene terephthalate）。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯是一种聚合物，用于水瓶和食品包装，以及其他日常用品。科学家此前已经证实，人们通过吃的食物、喝的水和呼吸的空气接触到微小的塑料颗粒。

表示“微塑料，塑料微粒”，英文解释为“extremely small pieces of plastic that are harmful to the environment, used in cosmetics (= substances put on the face or body to improve appearance), or formed when plastic waste material breaks down”

polymer /ˈpɒl.ɪ.mər/ 表示“聚合物”，英文解释为“A polymer is a chemical compound with large molecules made of many smaller molecules of the same kind. Some polymers exist naturally and others are produced in laboratories and factories.”

4. An ice shelf collapses in East Antarctica. 南极东部冰架坍塌

The Conger ice shelf collapsed in mid-March, the first such collapse in the eastern part of Antarctica since satellites started recording activity there in 1979. The collapse of the 450-square-mile stretch of ice occurred sooner than expected, according to experts, and in a part of the continent that is considered less vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

康格冰架于3月中旬坍塌，这是自1979年卫星开始记录南极东部的活动以来，南极东部首次出现这样的坍塌。据专家称，这片450平方英里的冰架坍塌发生得比预期的要早，而且发生在该大陆被认为不太容易受到气候变化影响的地区。

collapse /kəˈlæps/ 作名词，表示“（系统、组织、企业等的）崩溃，瓦解，失败”，英文解释为“the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc.”举个🌰：

I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. 我不知道她婚姻失败的原因是什么。

作动词，表示“崩溃，垮掉，失败”，英文解释为“to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly”举个🌰：

Talks between management and unions have collapsed. 劳资谈判彻底破裂。

Antarctica /ænˈtɑːrk.tɪ.kə/ 直接作名词，表示“南极”，英文解释为“the continent around the South Pole”

📍the South Pole表示“南极”，英文解释为“the point on the earth's surface that is furthest south”

continent /ˈkɒn.tɪ.nənt/ 表示“洲，大洲，大陆”，英文解释为“one of the seven large land masses on the earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries”如：the North American continent 北美大陆。

表示“易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的”，英文解释为“able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked”举个🌰：

I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on. 一丝不挂地站在那儿，我感觉自己不堪一击。

5. Scientists capture an image of the Milky Way's black hole. 科学家拍摄到银河系黑洞的图像

In May, scientists unveiled the first image of Sagittarius A*, a black hole at the center of our galaxy. It was the result of an international effort known as the Event Horizon Telescope project. In 2019, the same team of scientists unveiled the first image of a black hole at the center of the galaxy M87, which is 1,500 times larger than Sagittarius A*.

今年5月，科学家们公布了人马座A*的第一张图像，这是我们银河系中心的一个黑洞。这是一个名为事件视界望远镜国际项目的成果。2019年，同一个科学家团队公布了银河系M87中心的第一张黑洞图像，它比人马座A*大1500倍。

1）表示“ 为…揭幕；揭开…上的覆盖物；拉开…的帷幔”，英文解释为“to remove a cover or curtain from a painting, statue, etc. so that it can be seen in public for the first time”举个🌰：

She unveiled a plaque to mark the official opening of the hospital. 她主持揭幕式，标志着医院正式启用。

2）表示“（首次）展示，介绍，推出；将…公之于众”，英文解释为“to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time”举个🌰：

They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show. 他们将在汽车大展上首次推出自己的新型汽车。

🎬电影《复仇者联盟1》（The Avengers）中的台词提到：We look beyond the Earth to the greater worlds the Tesseract will unveil. 而我们则放眼地球之外 那些将被宇宙魔方开启的更广博的世界。

🎬电影《超人高校》（Sky High）中的台词提到：We can't unveil the Stronghold Three without Will. 我们不能在威尔（Will）不在场时 向大家介绍斯特朗霍德三侠（Stronghold Three）。

6. Women referee at men's World Cup. 男子世界杯上的女裁判

Stéphanie Frappart of France became the first woman lead referee at a men's World Cup match when she officiated a game between Costa Rica and Germany in Qatar in December. This was also the first men's World Cup game to have an all-woman referee team: Ms. Frappart's assistants were Neuza Back of Brazil and Karen Diaz Medina of Mexico.

去年12月，法国的斯蒂芬妮·弗拉帕尔（Stéphanie Frappart）在卡塔尔执法哥斯达黎加对阵德国的一场比赛，成为男子世界杯比赛中第一位女性主裁判。这也是第一场由全女裁判组成的男子世界杯比赛：助裁是巴西的内乌扎·巴克（Neuza Back）和墨西哥的卡伦·迪亚兹·梅迪纳（Karen Diaz Medina）。

表示“（某些体育比赛的）裁判，裁判员”，英文解释为“the official who controls the game in some sports”举个🌰：

He was sent off for arguing with the referee. 他因为和裁判发生争执而被罚出场。

officiate /əˈfɪʃ.i.eɪt/ 1）表示“主持（仪式或其他公众活动）”，英文解释为“to be in charge of or to lead a ceremony or other public event”举个🌰：A priest officiated at the wedding. 一位神父主持了婚礼。

2）表示“（在体育比赛中）担任裁判”，英文解释为“When someone officiates at a sports match or competition, they are in charge and make sure the players do not break the rules.”

7. South Korea launches a satellite using its own rocket. 韩国利用自研火箭发射卫星

South Korea successfully launched a satellite using its Nuri rocket, built by the government's Aerospace Research Institute and domestic companies. The event ushered in an ambitious new space era for the country and was a rallying point of communal pride. South Korea aims to land a spacecraft on the moon by 2030.

韩国利用其“世界号”（Nuri）火箭成功发射了一颗卫星。“世界号”火箭是由韩国航空航天研究所和国内公司建造的。此次发射为韩国开创了一个雄心勃勃的新太空时代，并成为社会自豪感的凝聚点。韩国的目标是在2030年前将航天器送上月球。

表示“开创（尤指重大的变化或新事物）；开始；开启”，英文解释为“to be at the start of a new period, especially when important changes or new things happen, or to cause important changes to start happening”举个🌰：

His inventions helped usher in the era of skyscrapers. 他的发明推动开启了一个摩天大楼的时代。

communal /ˈkɒm.jə.nəl/ 表示“公共的；共有的；集体的；公用的”，英文解释为“belonging to or used by a group of people rather than one single person”如：communal facilities/food/property 公共设施/共享食品/公有财产。

8. A paralyzed man dies by legally assisted suicide in Italy. 意大利一名瘫痪男子获合法协助自杀

In June, Federico Carboni, a 44-year-old man paralyzed for 12 years after a traffic accident, became the first person in Italy to die by legally assisted suicide. In 2019, Italy's highest court ruled that assisted suicide is legal under certain circumstances, a widely debated issue in a predominantly Roman Catholic country.

今年6月，因交通事故瘫痪12年的44岁男子费德里科·卡博尼（Federico Carboni）成为意大利第一个获得合法协助自杀的人。2019年，意大利最高法院裁定，协助自杀在某些情况下是合法的，这是一个在罗马天主教占主导地位的国家广为争论的问题。

Catholic /ˈkæθəlɪk/ 表示“天主教（徒）”，英文解释为“Roman Catholic”举个🌰：

Is he (a) Catholic? 他是天主教徒吗？

9. Women are appointed to high-level positions in the Vatican and Al Azhar. 梵蒂冈和爱资哈尔任命女性担任高级职务

For the first time, three women were appointed to a Vatican committee that advises Pope Francis on candidates for bishops in the Catholic Church. And in Egypt, the Al Azhar Mosque named a woman as an adviser to the grand imam, Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, a first in the Islamic institution's 1,000-year history.

梵蒂冈一委员会首次任命了三名女性成员。该委员会为教皇方济各提供天主教会主教候选人的建议。在埃及，爱资哈尔清真寺任命了一名女性为大伊玛目谢赫·艾哈迈德·塔耶布（Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb）的顾问。这在该伊斯兰机构1000年的历史上是第一次。

表示“任命”，英文解释为“If you appoint someone to a job or official position, you formally choose them for it.”举个🌰：

It made sense to appoint a banker to this job. 任命一位银行家做这项工作是合理的。

imam /ɪˈmɑːm/ 表示“伊玛目（伊斯兰教的领袖）”，英文解释为“a leader in the Islamic religion”

10. More Americans are smoking marijuana than cigarettes. 吸食大麻的美国人比吸烟的多

A Gallup report released in August revealed that more Americans are smoking marijuana than cigarettes for the first time on record. About 16 percent of the Americans polled said they currently smoke marijuana, five percentage points more than those who reported smoking cigarettes. Cigarette use has continued to decline since its peak during the mid-1950s, when 45 percent of Americans reported that they smoked.

盖洛普8月份发布的一份报告显示，有记录以来，吸食大麻的美国人首次超过了吸烟的美国人。大约16%的受访美国人表示，他们目前吸食大麻，比报告吸烟的人多5个百分点。自20世纪50年代中期达到顶峰以来，吸烟人数一直在下降，当时45%的美国人报告说他们吸烟。

marijuana /ˌmær.əˈwɑː.nə/ 表示“大麻”，英文解释为“a drug, illegal in many countries, that is made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant. Marijuana produces a pleasant feeling of being relaxed if smoked or eaten.”

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