哈马斯和以色列怎么了？

近日，巴勒斯坦伊斯兰抵抗运动组织哈马斯宣布对以色列采取军事行动，以色列宣布进入“战争状态”，巴以冲突愈演愈烈。

🤔️小作业：

1. How many more Palestinians than Israelis were reported injured?

a) 590

b) 1,400

c) 1,990

d) 3,390

a) Egypt openly supports Hamas.

b) Egypt is neutral.

c) Egypt collaborates with Israel on the blockade.

d) Egypt opposes the Israeli airstrikes.

无注释原文：

What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel’s Response

From: The New York Times

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned Israelis to brace themselves for a long and difficult war on Sunday, a day after Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that controls the Gaza Strip, launched its largest surprise attacks in decades.

Israel responded with huge strikes on cities in the blockaded Gaza Strip, destroying dozens of buildings, as Hamas continued to fire rockets into Israel. So far, at least 500 people have been killed in Israel and Gaza, the authorities said, with the death toll expected to rise.

Israelis have been left asking how their government, military and intelligence agencies appeared to be taken by surprise by such an assault, which is without recent precedent in its complexity and scale.

Here’s what you need to know about the Hamas attacks and Israel’s response.

How did Hamas carry out the attacks?

Hamas began firing thousands of rockets on Saturday morning, striking targets as far away as Tel Aviv and the outskirts of Jerusalem, which rarely see any direct hits because of Israel’s sophisticated Iron Dome missile defense system.

About an hour after the first rocket attacks, Hamas militants crossed into Israel by land, sea and air, according to the Israeli military, leading to some of the first pitched battles between Israeli and Arab forces on Israeli soil in decades.

The militants infiltrated 22 Israeli towns and army bases and took civilians and soldiers hostages, many of whom they brought back to Gaza. At least 250 Israelis had been reported dead by officials as of late Saturday, and more than 1,400 were wounded.

What reasons did Hamas give?

Muhammad Deif, the leader of the military wing of Hamas, said in a recorded message that the group had decided to launch an “operation” so that “the enemy will understand that the time of their rampaging without accountability has ended.”

He cited Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, which it captured during the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, recent Israeli police raids on the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, and the detention of thousands of Palestinians in Israeli jails.

The Aqsa Mosque compound, revered by Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary and by Jews as the Temple Mount, is among the most deeply contested sites in the holy land.

How has Israel responded so far?

“We are at war and we will win it,” Mr. Netanyahu said in a televised statement on Saturday, announcing a call-up of Israeli military reservists. Tank units have been sent to the south, fueling speculation that Israel may send ground forces into Gaza, the border in the north has been reinforced and soldiers were still battling on Sunday to drive militants out from some communities infiltrated in the south.

Israeli jets launched airstrikes on Gaza, which Israel’s military said had destroyed centers that house Hamas militants. Palestinian officials said that a hospital had been hit, along with multistory buildings, homes and a mosque. As of Sunday morning, the Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza said that at least 313 Palestinians had been killed and 1,990 injured — most inside Israel and the rest in the enclave.

Gaza has been under a suffocating Israeli blockade, backed by Egypt, since Hamas seized control of the coastal strip in 2007. The blockade restricts the import of goods, including electronic and computer equipment, that could be used to make weapons and prevents most people from leaving the territory.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel’s Response

From: The New York Times

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned Israelis to brace themselves for a long and difficult war on Sunday, a day after Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that controls the Gaza Strip, launched its largest surprise attacks in decades.

周日，以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡警告以色列人要做好准备，迎接一场漫长而艰苦的战争。一天前，控制加沙地带的巴勒斯坦激进组织哈马斯发动了数十年来规模最大的突然袭击。

militant /ˈmɪl.ɪ.tənt/ 表示“激进的；行动积极的；好战的，好斗的”，英文解释为“active, determined, and often willing to use force”

作名词，表示“激进分子，好斗分子，富有战斗精神的人”，英文解释为“a person who is active in this way; using, or willing to use, force or strong pressure to achieve your aims, especially to achieve social or political change”

2019年现代版「甄嬛传」？泰国王妃被剥夺全部头衔时，各大媒体几乎都用了strip这个词，后接of，strip of 1）表示“剥夺（财产、权利）；撤销（头衔）”，英文解释为“To strip someone of their property, rights, or titles means to take those things away from them.”举个🌰：The soldiers have stripped the civilians of their passports, and every other type of document. 那些士兵们已经夺走了市民的护照以及所有其他证件。

2）strip还有“脱衣服；脱光…的衣服”的意思，英文解释为“to remove your clothing, or to remove all the clothing of someone else”举个🌰：He had been stripped naked, beaten and robbed. 他被脱光衣服，遭受殴打，东西还被抢了。

3）作名词，strip /strɪp/ 表示“条，带，细长片；带状地带（或森林、水面等）”，英文解释为“a long, flat, narrow piece”如：a narrow strip of land 狭长地带。

Israel responded with huge strikes on cities in the blockaded Gaza Strip, destroying dozens of buildings, as Hamas continued to fire rockets into Israel. So far, at least 500 people have been killed in Israel and Gaza, the authorities said, with the death toll expected to rise.

作为回应，以色列对被封锁的加沙地带城市进行了大规模打击，摧毁了数十座建筑物，而哈马斯继续向以色列发射火箭弹。当局表示，截至目前，以色列和加沙已有至少500人丧生，死亡人数预计还会上升。

blockade /blɒkˈeɪd/ 表示“封锁”，英文解释为“the situation in which a country or place is surrounded by soldiers or ships to stop people or goods from going in or out”如：an air and sea blockade 空中及海上封锁。

1）表示“伤亡；损失；破坏”，英文解释为“suffering, deaths, or damage”，一般指“（死亡、事故或灾难的）总数”举个🌰：Independent sources say that the death toll from the earthquake runs into thousands. 独立消息人士称地震中的伤亡人数达到数千人。

2）表示“(道路或桥梁）收费；通行费”，英文解释为“A toll road or toll bridge is a road or bridge that you have to pay to use.”举个🌰：Most people who drive the toll roads don't use them every day. 大部分开车上收费公路的人不是每天都走公路。

Israelis have been left asking how their government, military and intelligence agencies appeared to be taken by surprise by such an assault, which is without recent precedent in its complexity and scale.

以色列人不禁要问，为何他们的政府、军方和情报机构似乎都被打了一个措手不及。这次袭击的复杂程度和规模，都是近年来前所未有的。

assault可以作动词也可以作名词，表示“袭击，攻击，猛攻”，英文解释为“a violent attack”；作名词时以表示“侵犯人身（罪），殴击他人身体（罪）”，如：sexual/indecent assault 性侵/猥亵。举个🌰：He was charged with sexual assault. 他被指控性侵犯。

表示“先例，前例”，英文解释为“an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made”举个🌰：There are several precedents for promoting people who don't have formal qualifications. 提拔没有正式学历的人是有几个先例的。

Here’s what you need to know about the Hamas attacks and Israel’s response.

以下是你需要了解的有关哈马斯袭击和以色列应对的信息。

How did Hamas carry out the attacks? 哈马斯是如何实施袭击的？

Hamas began firing thousands of rockets on Saturday morning, striking targets as far away as Tel Aviv and the outskirts of Jerusalem, which rarely see any direct hits because of Israel’s sophisticated Iron Dome missile defense system.

哈马斯从周六早上开始发射了数千枚火箭弹，袭击了远至特拉维夫和耶路撒冷郊区的目标。由于以色列配备了先进的“铁穹”导弹防御系统，直接击中目标的火箭弹不多。

the outskirts /ˈaʊt.skɜːts/ 表示“市郊，郊区”，英文解释为“the areas that form the edge of a town or city”举个🌰：The factory is in/on the outskirts of New Delhi. 这家工厂在新德里郊区。

sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/ 1）表示“老练的；久经世故的”，英文解释为“Someone who is sophisticated is comfortable in social situations and knows about culture, fashion, and other matters that are considered socially important.”举个🌰：He was a charming, sophisticated companion. 他是个有魅力、见多识广的伙伴。

2）表示“干练的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated person is intelligent and knows a lot, so that they are able to understand complicated situations.”举个🌰：These people are very sophisticated observers of the foreign policy scene. 这些人是外交政策领域干练的观察家。

3）表示“高级的；复杂的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others.”举个🌰：Honeybees use one of the most sophisticated communication systems of any insect. 蜜蜂所使用的交流系统是昆虫中最复杂的之一。

About an hour after the first rocket attacks, Hamas militants crossed into Israel by land, sea and air, according to the Israeli military, leading to some of the first pitched battles between Israeli and Arab forces on Israeli soil in decades.

据以色列军方称，在第一轮火箭弹袭击发生大约一小时后，哈马斯武装分子从陆海空三路进入以色列境内，引发了以阿部队在以色列领土上数十年来的首次激战。

The militants infiltrated22 Israeli towns and army bases and took civilians and soldiers hostages, many of whom they brought back to Gaza. At least 250 Israelis had been reported dead by officials as of late Saturday, and more than 1,400 were wounded.

武装分子混入了22处以色列城镇和军事基地，劫持平民和士兵作为人质，其中许多人被带回加沙。据官方报告，截至周六晚间，至少有250名以色列人死亡，1400多人受伤。

infiltrate /ˈɪn.fɪl.treɪt/ 表示“（使）潜入；（使）渗透”，英文解释为“to secretly become part of a group in order to get information or to influence the way that group thinks or behaves”举个🌰：A journalist managed to infiltrate the powerful drug cartel. 一位记者设法打入了势力强大的贩毒集团内部。

hostage /ˈhɒstɪdʒ/ 表示“人质”，英文解释为“someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants”举个🌰：She was taken/held hostage by the gunmen. 她被持枪歹徒劫持作人质。

wounded /ˈwuːn.dɪd/ 表示“（身体上）受伤的”，英文解释为“injured, especially with a cut or hole in the skin”如：a wounded soldier 伤兵。

What reasons did Hamas give? 哈马斯给出的袭击理由是什么？

Muhammad Deif, the leader of the military wing of Hamas, said in a recorded message that the group had decided to launch an “operation” so that “the enemy will understand that the time of their rampaging without accountability has ended.”

哈马斯军事派系领导人穆罕默德·戴夫在一段录音信息中表示，该组织决定发起一场“行动”，以便“让敌人明白，他们肆无忌惮、不受追究的时代已经结束”。

rampage /ræmˈpeɪdʒ/ 表示“横冲直撞；撒野”，英文解释为“to go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage”举个🌰：They rampaged through the town, smashing windows and setting fire to cars. 他们横冲直撞穿过城镇，沿途砸坏窗户、烧毁车辆。

accountability表示“问责制；有义务，有责任；可说明性”，英文解释为“the state of being accountable, liable, or answerable”。

He cited Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, which it captured during the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, recent Israeli police raids on the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, and the detention of thousands of Palestinians in Israeli jails.

他列举了以色列在1967年阿以战争中占领约旦河西岸、最近以色列警方突袭耶路撒冷的阿克萨清真寺，以及大批巴勒斯坦人被关押在以色列监狱等情况。

作动词，表示“（警方）突击检查，突然搜查”，英文解释为“(of the police) to enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something”举个🌰：Police officers from the organized crime division have raided businesses in central London. 有组织犯罪调查处的警察已经突击搜查了位于伦敦中心的一些公司。

作名词，1）表示“（通常由一小队人发起的）突袭，袭击”，英文解释为“a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people”举个🌰：The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy). 突击队大胆（向敌人）发起了突袭。

2）表示“抢劫；打劫”，英文解释为“the act of entering a place by force in order to steal from it”举个🌰：Millions of dollars were stolen in a bank raid last night. 昨晚一家银行被劫走数百万美元。

3）表示“（警方）查抄，突然搜查”，英文解释为“an occasion when the police enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something”举个🌰：The drugs were found during a police raid on the house. 这些毒品是在警方查抄这栋房子时发现的。

📍 air raid 表示“空袭”，英文解释为“an attack by enemy aircraft, usually dropping bombs”如：an air raid shelter/siren 防空洞/空袭警报。

The Aqsa Mosque compound, revered by Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary and by Jews as the Temple Mount, is among the most deeply contested sites in the holy land.

阿克萨清真寺被穆斯林奉为“神圣禁地”，犹太人则将其尊为“圣殿山”，它是耶路撒冷最具争议的历史遗址之一。

compound /ˈkɒm.paʊnd/ 作名词，1）表示“化合物，复合物，混合物”，英文解释为“a chemical that combines two or more elements”举个🌰：Salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. 盐是钠和氯的化合物。

2）表示“（围起来的）场地，楼群，院落”，英文解释为“an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of buildings”举个🌰：They marched into the compound. 他们进入大院。

作动词，表示“使加重，使加剧，使恶化”，英文解释为“to make a problem or difficult situation worse”举个🌰：Her terror was compounded by the feeling that she was being watched. 她有种被人监视的感觉，这加剧了她的恐惧感。

🎬电影《盗梦空间》（Inception）中的台词提到：And when you enter a dream within that dream, the effect is compounded. 当你进入梦中梦，效果会更强。

作形容词，表示“复合的”，英文解释为“consisting of two or more parts”或者表示“（利息）以复利计算的”，英文解释为“used to refer to a system of paying interest in which interest is paid both on the original amount of money invested (= given to companies hoping to get more back) or borrowed and on the interest that has collected over a period of time”如：compound interest 复利。

revere /rɪˈvɪə/ 表示“崇敬”，英文解释为“If you revere someone or something, you respect and admire them greatly.”举个🌰：The Chinese revered corn as a gift from heaven. 中国人将谷物奉为天赐礼物。

📍形容词性：revered，受尊崇的，如：some of the country's most revered institutions 该国一些最受尊崇的机构。

sanctuary /ˈsæŋk.tʃu.er.i/ 1）表示“庇护，保护；避难所，庇护所”，英文解释为“protection or a safe place, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted”

2）表示“禁猎区，鸟兽保护区”，英文解释为“a place where birds or animals can live and be protected, especially from being hunted or dangerous conditions”如：a wildlife/bird sanctuary 野生动物/鸟类保护区。

How has Israel responded so far? 以色列目前有何反应？

“We are at war and we will win it,” Mr. Netanyahu said in a televised statement on Saturday, announcing a call-up of Israeli military reservists. Tank units have been sent to the south, fueling speculation that Israel may send ground forces into Gaza, the border in the north has been reinforced and soldiers were still battling on Sunday to drive militants out from some communities infiltrated in the south.

“我们正处于战争之中，我们也将赢得这场战争，”内塔尼亚胡在周六的电视讲话中表示，并宣布征召以色列预备役军人。坦克部队已被派往南部，加剧了以色列可能向加沙派遣地面部队的猜测。北部边境已加强武装，士兵周日仍在战斗，试图将潜入南部一些社区的激进分子赶走。

reservist /rɪˈzɜː.vɪst/ 表示“后备役军人；预备役军人”，英文解释为“a person who is trained as a soldier and is ready to fight in the army if needed”

speculation /ˌspek.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“推测；猜测；推断”，英文解释为“the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts”举个🌰：There was widespread speculation that she was going to resign. 人们纷纷推测她将辞职。2）表示“投机，投机买卖”，英文解释为“the act of speculating in order to make a profit”

Israeli jets launched airstrikes on Gaza, which Israel’s military said had destroyed centers that house Hamas militants. Palestinian officials said that a hospital had been hit, along with multistory buildings, homes and a mosque. As of Sunday morning, the Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza said that at least 313 Palestinians had been killed and 1,990 injured — most inside Israel and the rest in the enclave.

以色列战机对加沙发起空袭，以色列军方表示，空袭摧毁了哈马斯武装分子的据点。巴勒斯坦官员称，遭到袭击的场所包括一所医院以及数栋多层建筑物、民宅和一座清真寺。截至周日上午，加沙的巴勒斯坦卫生部表示，至少有313名巴勒斯坦人丧生、1990人受伤——他们大多在以色列境内，其余则在加沙地带。

英式 multistorey /ˌmʌl.tiˈstɔː.ri/ 美式 multistory表示“多层的”，英文解释为“A multistorey building has several floors.”如：a multistorey hotel 多层旅馆。

enclave /ˈenkleɪv/ 表示“飞地（某国或某市境内隶属外国或外市，具有不同宗教、文化或民族的领土）；（在其他人群中聚居的）族群，群体”，英文解释为“a part of a country that is surrounded by another country, or a group of people who are different from the people living in the surrounding area”举个🌰：Campione d'Italia is an Italian enclave in Switzerland. 坎皮奥内是位于瑞士境内的一块意大利飞地。

Gaza has been under a suffocating Israeli blockade, backed by Egypt, since Hamas seized control of the coastal strip in 2007. The blockade restricts the import of goods, including electronic and computer equipment, that could be used to make weapons and prevents most people from leaving the territory.

自2007年哈马斯控制这片沿海地带以来，加沙就处于以色列严密封锁之下，这种封锁也得到了埃及的支持。封锁限制了包括可用于武器制造的电子和计算机设备在内的货物进口，并导致该地区大多数人无法离开。

suffocating /ˈsʌf.ə.keɪ.tɪŋ/ 1）表示“束缚的，阻止发展的；遏制的”，英文解释为“preventing something or someone from improving or developing in a positive way”举个🌰：The book tells the story of a woman escaping from a suffocating marriage. 这本书讲的是一个女人逃脱一段令人窒息的婚姻的故事。

2）表示“闷热的；憋气的”，英文解释为“Something that is suffocating makes you feel uncomfortably hot or unable to breathe.”举个🌰：I've got to open the window - it's suffocating in here! 我得把窗户打开——这里太闷了！

suffocate /ˈsʌfəˌkeɪt/ 作动词，1）表示“束缚，阻止…的发展；遏制”，英文解释为“to prevent something or someone from improving or developing in a positive way”。

2）表示“（使）窒息而死；（使）闷死”，英文解释为“to (cause someone to) die because of not having enough oxygen”。

1）表示“没收；查获”，英文解释为“If the police or other officials seize something, they take possession of it with legal authority.”举个🌰：Customs officers have seized 10 kilos of heroin. 海关官员查获了10公斤海洛因。

2）表示“抓住；夺过；夺取；攫取；抓获”，英文解释为“to take something quickly and keep or hold it”举个🌰：I seized his arm and made him turn to look at me. 我抓住他的胳膊，让他转身看着我。

territory /ˈter.ɪ.tər.i/ 表示“领土；领域；领地；活动范围”，英文解释为“(an area of) land, or sometimes sea, that is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person”举个🌰：He was shot down in enemy territory. 他在敌方领土上被击落。

📍注：《消失的她》你觉得怎么样？文中也出现了这个词：Chinese mystery drama “Lost in the Stars” was the top-grossing film on the planet over the latest weekend – despite playing only a single territory. 尽管只在一个地区上映，中国悬疑电影《消失的她》（Lost in the Stars）上周末仍成为全球票房收入最高的电影。

📍据ChatGPT，"playing only a single territory"表示这部电影仅在一个特定的地区或市场上映，而没有在其他地方上映。这是一种特殊的用法，可能在标准的英语语法中看起来有些不寻常，但在电影行业的上下文中是常见的。在这个上下文中，说一部电影"plays a territory"就是说该电影在某个地区被上映或展示。当然，你也可以使用介词，比如说"playing in a single territory"，这样的表达方式也是正确的，意思完全相同。但在电影行业的行话或者新闻报道中，常常会省略介词，因为这样的说法更简洁。

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