研究表明：员工越忠诚越容易被选去无偿加班

近日，疑似某国企员工怒怼强制加班领导的聊天记录热传，加班文化再次引发热议。借此机会，我们来看看近期发表在《实验社会心理学期刊》的相关研究。

🤔️小作业：

1. be apt to do sth是什么意思？

2.「加班、恶性循环、剥削」怎么表达？

3. According to the article, what might be one way to prevent employers' exploitative practices?

无注释原文：

Here's how managers choose workers for unpaid work, according to research

From: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University

Published in World Economic Forum

Mar 27, 2023

Managers target loyal workers over less committed colleagues when doling out unpaid work and additional job tasks, research finds.

“Companies want loyal workers, and there is a ton of research showing that loyal workers provide all sorts of positive benefits to companies,” says Matthew Stanley, the lead researcher on the new paper and postdoctoral researcher at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. “But it seems like managers are apt to target them for exploitative practices.”

That's the main conclusion from a series of experiments conducted by Stanley and his colleagues Chris Neck and Chris Neck, father-and-son researchers at Arizona State University and West Virginia University, respectively.

The findings appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

For the study, Stanley recruited nearly 1,400 managers online to read about a fictional 29-year-old employee named John. The mangers all learned that John's company was on a tight budget, and to keep costs down, had to decide how willing they would be to task John with extra hours and responsibilities without any extra pay. (Participants handing out the unpaid work in Stanley's study were compensated $12 an hour.)

No matter how Stanley and his colleagues framed the scenario, branding John as loyal always resulted in managers being more willing to ask him to shoulder the unpaid labor.

Managers were more willing to exploit Loyal John over Disloyal John. And when a separate group of managers read a letter of recommendation about John, the letters praising John as loyal led to an increased willingness to recruit him for unpaid work over versions of John extolled for honesty or fairness.

The reverse was true, too: when John was portrayed as having a reputation to accept extra hours and workload, managers rated him as more loyal than a John who had a reputation to decline the same workload. Agreeable John and Refusal John were rated as similarly honest and fair however, demonstrating that loyalty but not closely related moral traits is bolstered by a history of doing free labor.

“It's a vicious cycle,” Stanley says. “Loyal workers tend to get picked out for exploitation. And then when they do something that's exploitative, they end up getting a boost in their reputation as a loyal worker, making them more likely to get picked out in the future.”

One reason managers preyed on loyal workers over others is their belief that it's just the price to pay for being loyal. Stanley and his team found that managers targeted loyal workers because they believe that loyalty comes with a duty to make personal sacrifices for their company.

It's not all malicious, though. Exploitation may be in part just due to ignorance, or what psychologists call “ethical blindness.”

“Most people want to be good,” Stanley says. “Yet, they transgress with surprising frequency in their everyday lives. A lot of it is due to ethical blindness, where people don't see how what they're doing is inconsistent with whatever principles or values they tend to profess.”

The study doesn't provide a quick fix to eradicate employers' exploitative practices, but one partial cure might be simply having managers recognize the error of their ways and point out these ethical blind spots, Stanley says.

While company loyalty seems to come with consequence, Stanley cautions that it doesn't mean we should just abandon work commitments or dodge uncompensated overtime. This is just an unfortunate side effect of a mostly positive trait, which Stanley recently found also happens with other aspirational traits, like generosity.

“I don't want to suggest that the take-away of the paper is to not be loyal to anybody because it just leads to disaster,” Stanley says. “We value people who are loyal. We think about them in positive terms. They get awarded often. It's not just the negative side. It's really tricky and complex.”

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注：中文文本为官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

研究表明：员工越忠诚越容易被选去无偿加班

Here's how managers choose workers for unpaid work, according to research

From: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University

Published in World Economic Forum

Mar 27, 2023

Managers target loyal workers over less committed colleagues when doling out unpaid work and additional job tasks, research finds.

研究发现，在分配无偿工作和额外的工作任务时，经理们将目标锁定在忠诚的员工身上，而不是那些不太尽职尽责的同事。

dole /dəʊl/ 表示“发放，发给（食物、钱等）；分发（钱等），施舍”，英文解释为“to give something, usually money, to several people”

“Companies want loyal workers, and there is a ton of research showing that loyal workers provide all sorts of positive benefits to companies,” says Matthew Stanley, the lead researcher on the new paper and postdoctoral researcher at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. “But it seems like managers are apt to target them for exploitative practices.”

这篇新论文的首席研究员、杜克大学福库商学院博士后马修·斯坦利（Matthew Stanley）说：“公司想要忠诚的员工，有大量的研究表明，忠诚的员工为公司提供了各种好处......但管理者似乎很容易将其作为剥削行为的目标。”

postdoctoral /ˌpəʊstˈdɒk.tər.əl/ 表示“博士后的”，英文解释为“relating to advanced work or study that someone does after completing their PhD”如：her postdoctoral project 她的博士后项目。

apt /æpt/ 表示“适当的，恰当的；合适的”，英文解释为“suitable or right for a particular situation”，如：an apt comment/description 中肯的评论/贴切的描述。

be apt to do sth/be apt to be sth 表示“易于做…的；常做…的”，英文解释为“to be likely to do something or to often do something”举个🌰：

The kitchen roof is apt to (= likely to) leak when it rains. 一下雨厨房屋顶就容易漏。

exploitative /ɪkˈsplɔɪ.tə.tɪv/ 表示“利用的；剥削的；榨取的”，英文解释为“using someone unfairly for your own advantage”

That's the main conclusion from a series of experiments conducted by Stanley and his colleagues Chris Neck and Chris Neck, father-and-son researchers at Arizona State University and West Virginia University, respectively.

这是斯坦利和他的同事克里斯·P·内克（Chris P. Neck）及克里斯·B·内克（Chris B. Neck）进行的一系列实验的主要结论。后两位研究人员是父子，分别在亚利桑那州立大学和西弗吉尼亚大学。

The findings appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

他们的研究发表在了《实验社会心理学期刊》上。

For the study, Stanley recruited nearly 1,400 managers online to read about a fictional 29-year-old employee named John. The mangers all learned that John's company was on a tight budget, and to keep costs down, had to decide how willing they would be to task John with extra hours and responsibilities without any extra pay. (Participants handing out the unpaid work in Stanley's study were compensated $12 an hour.)

在这项研究中，斯坦利在网上招募了近1400名管理人员，让其阅读一个虚构故事，故事的主角是29岁的员工约翰（John）。约翰的公司因为预算紧张，需要降低成本。这些管理人员必须决定要在多大程度上让约翰承担额外的工作时间和责任，而不给他任何额外的报酬。（这些参与研究的管理人员则得到了每小时12美元的补偿。）

task /tɑːsk/ 作动词，表示“派给…任务”，英文解释为“to give someone a task”举个🌰：

We have been tasked with setting up camps for refugees. 我们接到了建难民营的任务。

compensate /ˈkɒm.pən.seɪt/ 表示“弥补，补偿，抵消”，英文解释为“to provide something good or useful in place of something or to make someone feel better about something that has failed or been lost or missed”举个🌰：

Nothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood. 什么也不能弥补他失去的童年。

No matter how Stanley and his colleagues framed the scenario, branding John as loyal always resulted in managers being more willing to ask him to shoulder the unpaid labor.

无论Stanley和他的同事如何给参与者描述这个场景，只要给John贴上忠诚的标签，管理人员就总是会更愿意让他承担无偿劳动。

frame /freɪm/ 作名词，表示“（图画、门、窗的）框，框架”，英文解释为“a border that surrounds and supports a picture, door, or window”如：a picture frame 画框，也可以表示“帧；（摄影胶片的）画格；（电视或电影的）画面，镜头”，英文解释为“one of the pictures on a strip of photographic film, or one of the single pictures that together form a television or cinema film”

作动词，表示“（措词谨慎地）表达，说出”，英文解释为“to express something choosing your words carefully”举个🌰：

The interview would have been more productive if the questions had been framed more precisely. 如果当时问题提得更确切些，采访就会更有成效。

scenario /sɪˈnɑːrɪˌəʊ/表示“场景；设想；可能的情况；可能发生的事态”，英文解释为“If you talk about a likely or possible scenario, you are talking about the way in which a situation may develop.”举个🌰：

There are several possible scenarios. 有几种可能出现的局面。

表示“承担；担负”，英文解释为“to accept the responsibility for sth”如：to shoulder the responsibility/blame for sth 对某事承担责任/过失。

Managers were more willing to exploit Loyal John over Disloyal John. And when a separate group of managers read a letter of recommendation about John, the letters praising John as loyal led to an increased willingness to recruit him for unpaid work over versions of John extolled for honesty or fairness.

在研究中，另有一组管理者会读到一封关于John的推荐信。如果推荐信里面称赞了约翰是忠诚的员工，管理者就更愿意招募他从事无偿工作，并且会忽略其中赞美约翰诚实或公正的部分。

1）表示“利用；剥削（…为自己谋利）”，英文解释为“to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself”举个🌰：

He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父亲的名声为自己找到一份工作。

2）表示“开发，运用；利用；发挥”，英文解释为“to use sth well in order to gain as much from it as possible”举个🌰：

She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. 她在剧中把她那个角色的幽默发挥得淋漓尽致。

🎬电影《惊天魔盗团》（Now You See Me）中的台词提到：What I hate is people who exploit other people. 我只是讨厌那些利用别人的人。

extol /ɪkˈstəʊl/ 表示“赞扬；赞颂；赞美”，英文解释为“to praise something or someone very much”举个🌰：

She is forever extolling the virtues of her children. 她总在夸耀自己家孩子的优点。

The reverse was true, too: when John was portrayed as having a reputation to accept extra hours and workload, managers rated him as more loyal than a John who had a reputation to decline the same workload. Agreeable John and Refusal John were rated as similarly honest and fair however, demonstrating that loyalty but not closely related moral traits is bolstered by a history of doing free labor.

反之亦然：当约翰被描述为很愿意接受加班和很大的工作量时，管理者就会认为他比拒绝大工作量的人更忠诚。然而，随和和叛逆这两个相反的标签则得到了同样的诚实和公正评分，说明虽然这些道德标签都很相似，但只有忠诚可以通过充当免费劳动力来展现。

reversal /rɪˈvɜː.səl/ 1）表示“反向；倒转；倒退；推翻”，英文解释为“the act of changing or making something change to its opposite”举个🌰：

He demanded a reversal of the previous decision/policy. 他要求撤销原来的决定/废弃原先的政策。

2）表示“挫折；失败”，英文解释为“a problem or failure”举个🌰：

We have suffered a couple of minor/temporary reversals. 我们遭遇了几次小/暂时的挫折。

1）portray表示“描绘，描述，描写”，英文解释为“to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book, or other artistic work”举个🌰：

The painting portrays a beautiful young woman in a blue dress. 这幅画描绘的是一位身穿蓝色连衣裙的美丽少女。

2）表示“扮演（某角色）”，英文解释为“to act a particular role in a film/movie or play”，举个🌰：

Her father will be portrayed by Sean. 肖恩将饰演她的父亲。

reputation /ˌrep.jəˈteɪ.ʃən/ 表示“名誉；声望；名望”，英文解释为“the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character”举个🌰：

The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. 这家公司的产品质量誉满全球。

bolster /ˈbəʊl.stər/ 表示“支撑；加固；提高；改善；加强”，英文解释为“to improve sth or make it stronger”，如：to bolster sb's confidence/courage/morale 增加某人的信心/勇气/士气，举个🌰：

Hopes of an early cut in interest rates bolstered confidence. 提前降低利率的希望增强了信心。

🎬电影《塞尔拉·伯格斯是废柴》（Sierra Burgess Is a Loser）中的台词提到：I was wondering if you had any suggestions on how to bolster my resume. 想问问 对提升我的简历你有没有什么意见？

“It's a vicious cycle,” Stanley says. “Loyal workers tend to get picked out for exploitation. And then when they do something that's exploitative, they end up getting a boost in their reputation as a loyal worker, making them more likely to get picked out in the future.”

“这是一个恶性循环，”斯坦利说。“忠诚的员工容易被剥削。并且这些员工做完被剥削的工作后，还会被认为是更加忠诚的表现，让他们在未来更容易被继续剥削。”

One reason managers preyed on loyal workers over others is their belief that it's just the price to pay for being loyal. Stanley and his team found that managers targeted loyal workers because they believe that loyalty comes with a duty to make personal sacrifices for their company.

管理者之所以偏爱忠诚员工，原因之一是他们认为免费劳动是这些员工为忠诚付出的代价。斯坦利和他的团队发现，管理者专门针对忠诚的员工，因为他们相信忠诚伴随着一种为公司做出个人牺牲的责任。

prey /preɪ/ on sb 表示“伤害，欺骗，坑害（尤指弱势人群）”，英文解释为“to hurt or deceive a group of people, especially people who are weak or can easily be hurt or deceived”举个🌰：

It's particularly contemptible that these sort of people prey on the elderly. 这种人坑害老年人真是太卑鄙了。

📍prey 作名词，表示“被捕食的动物，猎物”，英文解释为“an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal”举个🌰：

A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey. 老鹰在空中盘旋，之后向猎物猛扑过去。

It's not all malicious, though. Exploitation may be in part just due to ignorance, or what psychologists call “ethical blindness.”

不过，这也不全是恶意的。剥削可能部分是由于无知，或者心理学家所说的“道德盲点”。

表示“恶意的；恶毒的，意在伤人的”，英文解释为“If you describe someone's words or actions as malicious, you mean that they are intended to harm people or their reputation, or cause them embarrassment and upset.”举个🌰：

That might merely have been malicious gossip. 那可能只是恶意闲言。

表示“无知，愚昧”，英文解释为“lack of knowledge, understanding, or information about something”举个🌰：

Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern. 公众对这一疾病的无知仍是一个令人担忧的问题。

psychologist /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ 表示“心理学家”，英文解释为“someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on people”如：a child psychologist 儿童心理学家。

ethical /ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“道德的；伦理的”，英文解释为“relating to beliefs about what is morally right and wrong”如：ethical and legal issues 道德和法律问题。

“Most people want to be good,” Stanley says. “Yet, they transgress with surprising frequency in their everyday lives. A lot of it is due to ethical blindness, where people don't see how what they're doing is inconsistent with whatever principles or values they tend to profess.”

“大多数人都想做好人，”斯坦利说。“然而，他们在日常生活中却以惊人的频率做出违法违规行为。这在很大程度上是由于道德盲点，人们看不到他们所做的事情与他们信奉的任何原则或价值观存在不一致。”

transgress /trænzˈɡres/ 表示“违背，违反（法律或道德准则）”，英文解释为“to break a law or moral rule”举个🌰：

Those are the rules, and anyone who transgresses will be severely punished. 那些是规章制度，任何人违反都要受到严惩。

profess /prəˈfes/ 1）表示“声称；自称；谎称”，英文解释为“to state something, sometimes in a way that is not sincere”举个🌰：

She professes not to be interested in money. 她声称对钱不感兴趣。

2）表示“宣称；公开表明”，英文解释为“to state openly that you have a particular belief, feeling, etc.”举个🌰：

He professed his admiration for their work. 他表示钦佩他们的工作。

3）表示“信奉，信仰（某一宗教）”，英文解释为“to belong to a particular religion”如：to profess Christianity/Islam/Judaism 信仰基督教/伊斯兰教/犹太教。

The study doesn't provide a quick fix to eradicate employers' exploitative practices, but one partial cure might be simply having managers recognize the error of their ways and point out these ethical blind spots, Stanley says.

斯坦利说，这项研究并没有提供杜绝雇主剥削行为的有效解决方案，但一种方式可能只是让管理人员认识到他们这样做的错误并指出这些道德盲点。

eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ 表示“根除；消灭；杜绝”，英文解释为“to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad”举个🌰：

The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.

政府声称正尽其所能根治腐败。

While company loyalty seems to come with consequence, Stanley cautions that it doesn't mean we should just abandon work commitments or dodge uncompensated overtime. This is just an unfortunate side effect of a mostly positive trait, which Stanley recently found also happens with other aspirational traits, like generosity.

虽然对公司的忠诚似乎是有代价的，但斯坦利也警告说，这并不意味着我们应该放弃为公司效力或躲避加班。忠诚仍为一个积极特质，而无偿劳动只是一种不幸的副作用罢了。斯坦利最近发现，其他令人向往的品质也会导致这种情况，例如慷慨大方。

作名词，表示“谨慎，小心，慎重”，英文解释为“great care and attention”举个🌰：We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。

作动词，表示“告诫，提醒”，英文解释为“to warn someone”举个🌰：

The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first. 报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，不要购买股票。

dodge /dɒdʒ/ 表示“闪开；躲开；避开”，英文解释为“to move quickly and suddenly to one side in order to avoid sb/sth”举个🌰：

He ran across the road, dodging the traffic. 他躲开来往的车辆跑过马路。

🎬电影《科洛弗档案》（Cloverfield）中的台词提到：You're dodging the question right now. 你在逃避问题。

aspirational /ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən.əl/ 表示“渴望富贵的，渴望更大成功的；有雄心壮志的；（生活形态等）梦寐以求的”，英文解释为“showing that you want to have more money and a higher social position than you now have”

generosity /ˌdʒen.əˈrɒs.ə.ti/ 表示“慷慨，大方”，英文解释为“the quality or condition of being generous”举个🌰：

Her friends take advantage of (= benefit unfairly from) her generosity. 她的那些朋友利用她的慷慨占她的便宜。

“I don't want to suggest that the take-away of the paper is to not be loyal to anybody because it just leads to disaster,” Stanley says. “We value people who are loyal. We think about them in positive terms. They get awarded often. It's not just the negative side. It's really tricky and complex.”

“这篇论文的重点绝非是说，忠诚只会导致灾难，因此我们不应忠于任何人，”斯坦利说。“忠诚的人会得到重视，人们对其持有积极态度，他们也经常获得嘉奖 。忠诚不仅仅只有消极的一面。在现实生活中这个问题要棘手和复杂得多。”

take-away/takeaway表示“要点；从…中了解到的主要信息”，英文解释为“a main message or piece of information that you learn from something you hear or read”举个🌰：

The take-away from the conference was how competitive the computer science industry has become. 这场会议的主要信息是计算机科学产业的竞争已变得非常激烈。

表示“难办的；难对付的”，英文解释为“If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skill.”举个🌰：

I'm in a tricky situation - whatever I do I'll offend someone. 我的处境真有点儿难办——我无论怎么做都会得罪人。

译文来源：https://cn.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/loyal-staff-and-unpaid-work/

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