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丁尼生诗17首

阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生(Alfred,Lord Tennyson,1809年8月6日—1892年10月6日),是英国维多利亚时代最受欢迎及最具特色的诗人。他的诗歌准确地反映了他那个时代占主导地位的看法及兴趣,这是任何时代的英国诗人都无法比拟的。代表作品为组诗《悼念》。
丁尼生作为桂冠诗人的首部正式作品,是庄严郑重但有点拘谨的《悼惠灵顿公爵之死》(1852年)。1854年创作了《轻骑兵进击》,以纪念英国骑兵在克里米亚战争巴拉克拉瓦战役(Balaklava)中体现出来的英雄气概。《莫德》,是1855年出版的一部长篇独白诗剧,评论家对此颇有微辞。
1853年以后,丁尼生多数时间生活在自己位于怀特岛法令福德(Farringford)的庄园中,有时会住在自己1868年建在萨里郡阿尔沃的一所房子里。《莫德》遭到冷遇之后,丁尼生把自己封闭在法令福德,着手创作组诗《国王叙事诗》。1859年这一系列的第一部分出版,讲述亚瑟王和他的骑士的第一部分,立即获得成功。
《伊诺克·阿登及其它诗歌》(1864年)中的《伊诺克·阿登》是丁尼生最著名的诗歌之一。其它几部稍为逊色的历史戏剧作品包括《玛丽女王》(1875年)、《哈罗德》(1877年),以及《贝克特》(1879年)。完整版本的《国王叙事诗》和《得墨忒尔及其它诗歌》于1889年出版,《俄诺涅之死,阿卡巴之梦及其它诗歌》于1892年他去逝后出版。
《民谣及其它诗歌》(1880年)中优美的短篇抒情诗《过沙洲》展示了丁尼生恬静的宗教信仰。这位伟大的诗人于1892年10月6日长眠不醒。他的葬礼上来宾朗诵了该诗篇。他被葬在了威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人角,与乔叟相邻。



O, Let the Solid Ground


O, let the solid ground

Not fail beneath my feet

Before my life has found

What some have found so sweet!

Then let come what come may,

What matter if I go mad,

I shall have had my day.


Let the sweet heavens endure,

Not close and darken above me

Before I am quite quite sure

That there is one to love me!

Then let come what come may

To a life that has been so sad,

I shall have had my day.




当我还没在生活里 


当我还没在生活里

发现人家有的美妙,

就别让这坚实大地

在我的双脚下陷掉!

那以后任怎么都行,

就疯了也没有关系——

我终究没虚度此生。


当我没确切地得知

有谁在真正爱着我,

就让好天空维持着,

千万别暗淡了闭合!

那以后任怎么都行,

先前的生活虽悲凄——

我终究没虚度此生。




From

 

The Brook


I come from haunts of coot and hern,

I make a sudden sally,

And sparkle out among the fern,

To bicker down a valley.


By thirty hills I hurry down,

Or slip between the ridges,

By twenty thorps, a little town,

And half a hundred bridges.


Till last by Philip's farm I flow

To join the brimming river,

For men may come and men may go,

But I go on forever.


* * * * *


I chatter over stony ways,

In little sharps and trebles,

I bubble into eddying bays,

I babble on the pebbles.


With many a curve my banks I fret

By many a field and fallow,

And many a fairy foreland set

With willow-weed and mallow.


I chatter, chatter, as I flow

To join the brimming river,

For men may come and men may go,

But I go on for ever.


* * * * *


I wind about, and in and out,

With here a blossom sailing,

And here and there a lusty trout,

And here and there a grayling,


And here and there a foamy flake

Upon me, as I travel

With many a silver water-break

Above the golden gravel,


And draw them all along, and flow

To join the brimming river,

For men may come and men may go,

But I go on for ever.


* * * * *


I steal by lawns and grassy plots,

I slide by hazel covers;

I move the sweet forget-me-nots

That grow for happy lovers.


I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,

Among my skimming swallows;

I make the netted sunbeam dance

Against my sandy shallows.


I murmur under moon and stars

In brambly wildernesses;

I linger by my shingly bars,

I loiter round my cresses;


And out again I curve and flow

To join the brimming river,

For men may come and men may go,

But I go on for ever.



小溪(选段) 


我来自鹬和鹭的栖息地,

忽然间就奔突而出;

就淌出了蕨丛,闪闪熠熠,

潺潺地淌下了山谷。


我匆匆流经三十座山包,

悄悄在山梁间溜过,

经过一个小镇、五十座桥,

还有二十来个村落。


最后我流经腓利的农庄,

去汇入涨水的河流;

尽管人们既有来又有往,

我永远向前不回头。


* * * * *


我在岩石上决决地淌过,

轻轻的声音尖又颤;

我汩汩流入湾中的旋涡,

淙淙在块块卵石间。


我曲曲折折流过了田野

和突在河中的耕地,

任它种着锦葵和千屈菜,

我却冲刷着岸边泥。


我咕咕噜噜一路上流淌,

去汇入涨水的河流;

尽管人们既能来又能往,

我永远向前不回头。


* * * * *


我绕进绕出,弯来又穹去,

有时载着花缓缓流,

时不时见到活灵的鳟鱼,

而茴鱼也在到处游。


有时在这儿,有时在那里,

我带着水花和水沫,

托住了一片银色的涟漪,

在金色沙砾上流过。


我携带着它们一起流淌,

去汇入涨水的河流;

尽管人们既能来又能往,

我永远向前不回头。


* * * * *


我在萋萋的草地边溜过,

滑过密密的榛树丛;

为有情人而生的勿忘我, 

我经过时把它推动。


滑行在掠水飞的燕子间,

我忽明忽暗在流淌;

我叫筛落的日光舞蹁跹——

舞在我清浅河床上。


我咕哝在月亮和星星下,

在荆棘丛生野地间;

挡路的大石让我歇一霎,

水芹的周围我流连。


但我拐个弯又往前流淌,

去汇入涨水的河流;

尽管人们既能来又能往,

我永远向前不回头。




The Charge of the Light Brigade


Half a league, half a league,

Half a league onward,

All in the valley of Death

Rode the six hundred.

'Forward the Light Brigade!

Charge for the guns!' he said.

Into the valley of Death

Rode the six hundred.


'Forward, the Light Brigade!'

Was there a man dismay'd?

Not tho' the soldiers knew

Some one had blunder'd.

Theirs not to make reply,

Theirs not to reason why,

Theirs but to do and die.

Into the valley of Death

Rode the six hundred.


Cannon to right of them,

Cannon to left of them,

Cannon in front of them

Volley'd and thunder'd;

Storm'd at with shot and shell,

Boldly they rode and well,

Into the jaws of Death,

Into the mouth of hell

Rode the six hundred.


Flash'd all their sabres bare,

Flash'd as they turn'd in air

Sabring the gunners there,

Charging an army, while

All the world wonder'd.

Plunged in the battery-smoke

Right thro' the line they broke;

Cossack and Russian

Reel'd from the sabre-stroke

Shatter'd and sunder'd.

Then they rode back, but not,

Not the six hundred.


Cannon to right of them,

Cannon to left of them,

Cannon behind them

Volley'd and thunder'd;

Storm'd at with shot and shell,

While horse and hero fell,

They that had fought so well

Came thro' the jaws of Death,

Back from the mouth of hell,

All that was left of them,

Left of six hundred.


When can their glory fade?

O the wild charge they made!

All the world wonder'd.

Honor the charge they made!

Honor the Light Brigade,

Noble six hundred!




轻骑兵队的冲锋 


半里格,半里格, 

朝前冲杀半里格,

轻骑六百名

冲进死亡的谷地。

“向前冲,轻骑兵!”

他说,“向炮冲击!”

轻骑六百名

冲进死亡的谷地。


“向前冲,轻骑兵!”

可有人丧气?没有。

尽管士兵们知道

是错误命令。 

他们可不能抗命,

他们可无法弄清,

只能奉命去牺牲。

轻骑六百名

冲进死亡的谷地。


炮打在他们右面,

炮打在他们左面,

炮打在他们正面,

排炮在轰鸣;

冒着炮火和霰弹,

他们善骑又勇敢。

轻骑六百名

冲进地狱的大门,

冲进死神的牙关。


马刀出鞘亮晃晃,

挥舞空中闪寒光,

劈下在炮手身上;

向一支大军冲击,

举世都震惊。

他们冲破了防线,

杀进炮台的硝烟;

哥萨克与俄国人

挡不住马刀猛劈,

乱掉了队形。

这时他们往回驰——

不满六百名。


炮打在他们右面,

炮打在他们左面,

炮打在他们后面,

排炮在轰鸣;

在炮火和霰弹下,

战马和英雄倒下。

打得漂亮的他们

冲出死神的牙关;

他们中的生还者,

六百人中的生者

冲出地狱门。


时间能湮没英名?

哦他们这次狂冲!

举世都震惊。

致敬,向这次冲锋!

致敬,向这六百名

豪迈轻骑兵!




Of Old Sat Freedom on the Heights


Of old sat Freedom on the heights,

The thunders breaking at her feet;

Above her shook the starry lights;

She heard the torrents meet.


There in her place she did rejoice,

Self-gather'd in her prophet-mind,

But fragments of her mighty voice

Came rolling on the wind.


Then stept she down thro' town and field

To mingle with the human race,

And part by part to men reveal'd

The fullness of her face —


Grave mother of majestic works,

From her isle-altar gazing down,

Who, Godlike, grasps the triple forks,

And, king-like, wears the crown.


Her open eyes desire the truth.

The wisdom of a thousand years

Is in them. May perpetual youth

Keep dry their light from tears;


That her fair form may stand and shine,

Make bright our days and light our dreams,

Turning to scorn with lips divine

The falsehood of extremes!




从前自由神坐在高山上 


从前自由神坐在高山上,

惊雷声炸响在她的脚底;

她头上颤动着星斗之光,

她听见湍流在相激。


她在那个位置上很高兴,

远见使得她豪情满胸怀;

只有她几声洪亮的嗓音

隆隆地在风中传来。


她下山穿过城市和乡村,

为了要掺和在人类中间;

随后就逐步逐步向人们

显露出她整个的脸——


这壮丽事业的庄严母亲

从她那祭坛之岛上俯望; 

她手握三叉雷霆像天神, 

头戴着冠冕像女王。


她睁大着眼睛要看真理,

两眼中含着千年的智慧。

愿青春永远留驻她眼里,

让目光永不沾泪水。


愿她的英姿屹立放光焰,

照亮我们的梦想和时世;

她侧眼冷对谬误的极端,

丰唇边流露出蔑视。




England and America in 1782


O thou that sendest out the man

To rule by land and sea,

Strong mother of a Lion-line,

Be proud of those strong sons of thine

Who wrench'd their rights from thee!


What wonder if in noble heat

Those men thine arms withstood,

Retaught the lesson thou hadst taught,

And in thy spirit with thee fought —

Who sprang from English blood!


But thou rejoice with liberal joy,

Lift up thy rocky face,

And shatter, when the storms are black,

In many a streaming torrent back,

The seas that shock thy base!


Whatever harmonies of law

The growing world assume,

Thy work is thine — the single note

From that deep chord which Hampden smote

Will vibrate to the doom.




一七八二年的英国和美国 


你呀,你总把人员朝外派,

去统治海洋和陆地;

你这狮子族的坚强母亲, 

该为你坚强子孙怀豪情——

敢向你夺回其权利!


有什么可奇怪,纵然他们

义愤填膺地反抗你,

把你教的东西向你回敬,

毕竟他们是英格兰血统——

凭你的精神反击你!


你倒该心胸开阔地高兴;

抬起你岩石般面庞,

哪怕遇上的风雨再狂暴,

要把冲击你岩基的海涛

溅碎成回流的细浪!


成长中世界采取的法则

不管是怎样的和谐,

你的成果属于你;汉普登 

敲响弦上低沉的一个音,

将震撼到世界末日。




Ulysses


It little profits that an idle king,

By this still hearth, among these barren crags,

Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole

Unequal laws unto a savage race,

That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.

I cannot rest from travel; I will drink

Life to the lees. All times I have enjoy'd

Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those

That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when

Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades

Vext the dim sea. I am become a name;

For always roaming with a hungry heart

Much have I seen and known, — cities of men

And manners, climates, councils, governments,

Myself not least, but honor'd of them all, —

And drunk delight of battle with my peers,

Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.

I am a part of all that I have met;

Yet all experience is an arch wherethro'

Gleams that untravell'd world whose margin fades

For ever and for ever when I move.

How dull it is to pause, to make an end,

To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!

As tho' to breathe were life! Life piled on life

Were all too little, and of one to me

Little remains; but every hour is saved

From that eternal silence, something more,

A bringer of new things; and vile it were

For some three suns to store and hoard myself,

And this gray spirit yearning in desire

To follow knowledge like a sinking star,

Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.


This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle, —

Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil

This labor, by slow prudence to make mild

A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees

Subdue them to the useful and the good.

Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere

Of common duties, decent not to fail

In offices of tenderness, and pay

Meet adoration to my household gods,

When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.


There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail;

There gloom the dark, broad seas. My mariners,

Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me, —

That ever with a frolic welcome took

The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed

Free hearts, free foreheads, — you and I are old;

Old age hath yet his honor and his toil.

Death closes all; but something ere the end,

Some work of noble note, may yet be done,

Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.

The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks;

The long day wanes; the slow moon climbs; the deep

Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends.

'T is not too late to seek a newer world.

Push off, and sitting well in order smite

The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds

To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths

Of all the western stars, until I die.

It may be that the gulfs will wash us down;

It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,

And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.

Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'

We are not now that strength which in old days

Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are, —

One equal temper of heroic hearts,

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.




尤利西斯 


这没什么好;当个无作为的国王,

在不毛的巉岩间,傍着幽幽炉火, 

配着个年老的妻子,对一支蛮族

斤斤地施行不公的法律,而百姓

只顾贮藏和吃睡,却并不了解我。

我不能歇下来不远行;生命之酒

我可要喝它个点滴不剩。一生中,

我尝遍欢乐受尽苦;或独自经历,

或同追随者共尝,在岸上或海上——

当雨淋淋毕宿透过飞渡的乱云 

叫阴沉沉大海澎湃。我已有名声;

总怀着饥渴的心情浪迹于海外,

长多少见识——在人们聚居的城邦、

一处处的风土人情和幕府衙署,

我既非卑微之徒就到处受尊重——

远在风劲刀兵响的特洛伊战场,

享受过同顽强劲敌交手的酣畅。

现在的我,是我全经历的一部分;

但全经历是座拱门,门洞里望去,

未游历的世界远远闪烁;随着我

不断向前走,其边沿却不断隐退。

叫人闷气的是停步不前,是终止,

是不砥砺任锈烂,而非用得发亮!

仿佛在呼吸就算是活着!即便是

活几世都还嫌太短,何况我一生

已余日无多。但从永恒的沉寂中

还能够让每一个钟点得救,而且,

还能够带来新收获。最讨厌的是

把自己存放、贮藏起三四个年头,

叫我这苍老的灵魂苦苦地巴望,

巴望到人类思维的地平线之外

去追踪知识,就像追踪沉落的星。


这是我亲生的儿子忒勒玛科斯, 

我留给他的,是这柄王杖和岛国——

受我钟爱的他明辨是非,能担当

这项重任,谨慎地使粗野的百姓

慢慢变得温良,能和缓而逐步地

把他们驯化为有用而善良的人。

他无可挑剔,虽处于日常事务中,

在我离开后,还照样会举措得体,

决不会对应尽的孝心有所疏忽,

对我的家神,会恰如其分地供奉。

他将做他的工作,而我将做我的。


那里是港口;我的船已鼓起了帆;

那里是黑沉沉的大海。我的水手

都曾经和我同心协力、辛苦与共——

他们,总是以欢笑迎雷电和阳光,

以开朗的心胸、开朗的额头抗争——

你们和我都到了老年;但是老年

仍有其荣誉和操劳;死了结一切;

但在这终点前还可以有所作为,

创造些崇高业绩,从而也配得上

我们这些同天神也争斗过的人。 

这里的岩岸上开始闪烁起灯火;

长昼将尽月徐升;大海的呜咽里

有种种召唤。来吧,我的朋友们,

去找个新世界,现在为时还不晚。

现在离岸,坐齐了,往水声哗哗的

桨迹里用力下桨划;因为我决心

要驶过日落的地方和西天众星

沉落到水里的地方,要到死方休。 

也许我们会被深渊一口吞下去;

也许我们会抵达西方的极乐岛, 

重见我们伟大的朋友阿喀琉斯。 

已经失去的固然多,剩下还不少;

如今的我们,力量虽比不上往昔,

不再能惊天动地;却依然是故我;

尽管这性情依旧坚忍的英雄心

被时光和命运削弱,意志仍坚强,

要奋斗、探索、发现,决不会低头。




Tithonus


The woods decay, the woods decay and fall,

The vapors weep their burthen to the ground,

Man comes and tills the field and lies beneath,

And after many a summer dies the swan.

Me only cruel immortality

Consumes; I wither slowly in thine arms,

Here at the quiet limit of the world,

A white-hair'd shadow roaming like a dream

The ever-silent spaces of the East,

Far-folded mists, and gleaming halls of morn.


Alas! for this gray shadow, once a man —

So glorious in his beauty and thy choice,

Who madest him thy chosen, that he seem'd

To his great heart none other than a God!

I ask'd thee, 'Give me immortality.'

Then didst thou grant mine asking with a smile,

Like wealthy men who care not how they give.

But thy strong Hours indignant work'd their wills,


And beat me down and marr'd and wasted me,

And tho' they could not end me, left me maim'd

To dwell in presence of immortal youth,

Immortal age beside immortal youth,

And all I was in ashes. Can thy love,

Thy beauty, make amends, tho' even now,

Close over us, the silver star, thy guide,

Shines in those tremulous eyes that fill with tears

To hear me? Let me go; take back thy gift.

Why should a man desire in any way

To vary from the kindly race of men,

Or pass beyond the goal of ordinance

Where all should pause, as is most meet for all?


A soft air fans the cloud apart; there comes

A glimpse of that dark world where I was born.

Once more the old mysterious glimmer steals

From thy pure brows, and from thy shoulders pure,

And bosom beating with a heart renew'd.

Thy cheek begins to redden thro' the gloom,

Thy sweet eyes brighten slowly close to mine,

Ere yet they blind the stars, and the wild team

Which love thee, yearning for thy yoke, arise,

And shake the darkness from their loosen'd manes,

And beat the twilight into flakes of fire.

Lo! ever thus thou growest beautiful

In silence, then before thine answer given

Departest, and thy tears are on my cheek.


Why wilt thou ever scare me with thy tears,

And make me tremble lest a saying learnt,

In days far-off, on that dark earth, be true?

'The Gods themselves cannot recall their gifts.'


Ay me! ay me! with what another heart

In days far-off, and with what other eyes

I used to watch — if I be he that watch'd —

The lucid outline forming round thee; saw

The dim curls kindle into sunny rings;

Changed with thy mystic change, and felt my blood

Glow with the glow that slowly crimson'd all

Thy presence and thy portals, while I lay,

Mouth, forehead, eyelids, growing dewy-warm

With kisses balmier than half-opening buds

Of April, and could hear the lips that kiss'd

Whispering I knew not what of wild and sweet,

Like that strange song I heard Apollo sing,

While Ilion like a mist rose into towers.


Yet hold me not for ever in thine East;

How can my nature longer mix with thine?

Coldly thy rosy shadows bathe me, cold

Are all thy lights, and cold my wrinkled feet

Upon thy glimmering thresholds, when the steam

Floats up from those dim fields about the homes

Of happy men that have the power to die,

And grassy barrows of the happier dead.

Release me, and restore me to the ground.

Thou seest all things, thou wilt see my grave;

Thou wilt renew thy beauty morn by morn,

I earth in earth forget these empty courts,

And thee returning on thy silver wheels.




提托诺斯 


树木会凋零,树木凋零了会倒下,

水汽会哭泣,把重负卸落到大地;

人会来耕地,然后会躺在了地下;

活过了许多个春秋,天鹅会死去。 

只有我,却得受永生的残酷折磨:

在你的怀抱中,我慢慢干枯凋萎; 

在这里,在这个世界的寂静边沿,

我成了白发的幽灵,梦幻一般地

徘徊在这永远宁静的东方太虚,

在远远层雾与晨曦的穹隆之中。


唉!这个白发幽灵啊,一度是个人——

曾因他的美和你的倾心而荣耀,

你选中了他,这使他满心地自豪,

竟然把自己也看做是一位天神!

我曾经向你央求过,“请给我永生。”

于是,你微笑着成全了我的请求,

像个富豪,毫不在乎地给予施舍。

但是这激怒了坚定的时序女神, 


便一意作法,把我损害、糟蹋、弄垮;

她们虽不能置我于死地,却让我

以残弱之躯陪伴你永恒的青春,

使永恒的衰老衬托永恒的青春,

我过去的一切已经成灰。你的爱、

你的美,能不能作补偿?尽管此刻,

为你开道的银星在我们的头上 

照亮着你眼睛,那因为听我说话

而颤动着泪光的眼睛。让我去吧,

收回你厚赠。既然是凡人,为什么

偏要和一样是人的同类不一样?

在那个命定的终点,人人得止步,

因为这最为合适;为什么要超越?


轻柔的风拂开云,我瞥到了一眼

我出生的那个世界正在夜色中。

那古老玄妙的微光,再一次从你

纯洁的额头、双肩和胸膛幽幽地

洒出,那胸中跳动着休憩后的心。

你的面颊已开始在幽暗中泛红,

你的柔眼在我眼前慢慢地明亮,

这将使众星黯淡;而你的那几匹

恋主的烈马,早盼着套上你车驾, 

一腾身,把夜色甩落披散的鬃毛,

把熹微的曙色踏碎成点点火光。

看哪!你每天就这样默默地变美,

随后,你没有给我个回答便出发,

把你的泪水留在了我的面颊上。


为什么你总是让泪水使我害怕,

使我颤抖?怕的是遥远的往日里

在黢黑大地上听到的话是事实:

“即便是神,也收不回他们的馈赠。”


我呀,在那遥远的往日里,我曾以

怎样的心情、怎样的眼光注视你——

倘若,我真就是当年那凝眸的人——

注视你光辉的轮廓渐渐地清晰;

看朦胧的卷云点燃成日晖光环;

随你神妙的变化而变化,随着你

和你那门庭被热焰慢慢地染红,

而躺着的我感觉到血渐渐沸腾,

我的嘴、额头、眼睑感到露的温润,

因为那些吻比半开的四月蓓蕾

还芬芳,我还能听见吻我的双唇

轻吐出不知为何的炽烈和甜蜜,

就像听见了阿波罗的神奇歌声——

歌声中,伊利昂城堡雾一般升起。 

可不要永远地留我在你的东方:

以你我的天性怎能再长相厮守?

你玫瑰色的暗影冷冷地浸着我,

你的光也一片凉意,我枯皱的脚

踏着你蒙蒙亮的门槛只觉得冷,

而这时,从那些隐约的家园,那些

有幸能死亡之人的家园,从更加

幸运的死亡者青冢,飘浮起雾气。

请放我走吧,就把我归还给大地!

你看得见一切,也将看见我的墓。

每一个早晨,你都将更新你的美;

我化为尘土,将忘却这空荡天宫,

也忘却驾银灰色轻车回程的你。




From

The Day-Dream


The Sleeping Beauty


Year after year unto her feet,

She lying on her couch alone,

Across the purple coverlet

The maiden's jet-black hair has grown,

On either side her tranced form

Forth streaming from a braid of pearl;

The slumbrous light is rich and warm,

And moves not on the rounded curl.


The silk star-broider'd coverlid

Unto her limbs itself doth mould

Languidly ever; and, amid

Her full black ringlets downward roll'd,

Glows forth each softly-shadow'd arm

With bracelets of the diamond bright.

Her constant beauty doth inform

Stillness with love, and day with light.


She sleeps; her breathings are not heard

In palace chambers far apart.

The fragrant tresses are not stirr'd

That lie upon her charmed heart.

She sleeps; on either hand upswells

The gold-fringed pillow lightly prest;

She sleeps, nor dreams, but ever dwells

A perfect form in perfect rest.




The Arrival


All precious things, discover'd late,

To those that seek them issue forth;

For love in sequel works with fate,

And draws the veil from hidden worth.

He travels far from other skies —

His mantle glitters on the rocks —

A fairy Prince, with joyful eyes,

And lighter-footed than the fox.


The bodies and the bones of those

That strove in other days to pass

Are wither'd in the thorny close,

Or scatter'd blanching on the grass.

He gazes on the silent dead:

'They perish'd in their daring deeds.'

This proverb flashes thro' his head,

'The many fail, the one succeeds.'


He comes, scarce knowing what he seeks;

He breaks the hedge; he enters there;

The color flies into his cheeks;

He trusts to light on something fair;

For all his life the charm did talk

About his path, and hover near

With words of promise in his walk,

And whisper'd voices at his ear.


More close and close his footsteps wind;

The Magic Music in his heart,

Beats quick and quicker, till he find

The quiet chamber far apart.

His spirit flutters like a lark,

He stoops — to kiss her — on his knee.

'Love, if thy tresses be so dark,

How dark those hidden eyes must be!'




The Revival


A touch, a kiss! the charm was snapt.

There rose a noise of striking clocks,

And feet that ran, and doors that clapt,

And barking dogs, and crowing cocks;

A fuller light illumined all,

A breeze thro' all the garden swept,

A sudden hubbub shook the hall,

And sixty feet the fountain leapt.


The hedge broke in, the banner blew,

The butler drank, the steward scrawl'd,

The fire shot up, the martin flew,

The parrot scream'd, the peacock squall'd,

The maid and page renew'd their strife,

The palace bang'd, and buzz'd and clackt,

And all the long-pent stream of life

Dash'd downward in a cataract.


And last with these the king awoke,

And in his chair himself uprear'd,

And yawn'd, and rubb'd his face, and spoke,

'By holy rood, a royal beard!

How say you? we have slept, my lords.

My beard has grown into my lap.'

The barons swore, with many words,

'T was but an after-dinner's nap.


'Pardy,' return'd the king, 'but still

My joints are somewhat stiff or so.

My lord, and shall we pass the bill

I mention'd half an hour ago?'

The chancellor, sedate and vain,

In courteous words return'd reply,

But dallied with his golden chain,

And, smiling, put the question by.




The Departure


And on her lover's arm she leant,

And round her waist she felt it fold,

And far across the hills they went

In that new world which is the old;

Across the hills, and far away

Beyond their utmost purple rim,

And deep into the dying day

The happy princess follow'd him.


'I'd sleep another hundred years,

O love, for such another kiss;'

'O, wake for ever, love,' she hears;

'O love, 't was such as this and this.'

And o'er them many a sliding star

And many a merry wind was borne,

And, stream'd thro' many a golden bar,

The twilight melted into morn.


'O eyes long laid in happy sleep!'

'O happy sleep, that lightly fled!'

'O happy kiss, that woke thy sleep!'

'O love, thy kiss would wake the dead!'

And o'er them many a flowing range

Of vapor buoy'd the crescent-bark,

And, rapt thro' many a rosy change,

The twilight died into the dark.


'A hundred summers! can it be?

And whither goest thou, tell me where?'

'O, seek my father's court with me,

For there are greater wonders there.'

And o'er the hills, and far away

Beyond their utmost purple rim,

Beyond the night, across the day,

Thro' all the world she follow'd him.




白日梦(选段) 


睡美人


她孤孤零零仰卧在睡榻,

一年又一年流过她脚旁;

这姑娘长着黑玉般秀发,

披散在又紫又红床罩上;

她昏昏沉沉的身姿两边,

显露出两串瑰丽的珍珠,

那光泽显得朦胧又温暖,

贴在鬈发上像早已凝固。


满绣着星星的丝绸床罩

软绵绵贴紧在她的身上,

她漆黑的鬈发像是浪涛

滚滚地垂下,而两条臂膀

在淡淡发影中显露出来,

因为钻石的手镯亮晶晶:

那永恒的美让静止体态

饱含爱,让白天更显光明。


她睡在那里,呼吸的声音

宫中远远的阙阁听不到;

她发辫掩着中了魔的心,

虽纹丝不动却幽香四飘。

她睡在那里,头下的两边

鼓着绲有金流苏的绮枕;

她睡姿绝美睡得香又甜,

沉沉睡乡中没有一个梦。




王子来临


珍贵的事物终究会显现,

只要人们去搜求和寻找;

因为爱终究同命运相连,

会拉开帷幕找到无价宝。

他从遥远的异乡来这里,

他斗篷闪过崇山和峻岭;

这优雅的王子眼露欣喜,

他的脚步比狐狸还轻盈。


往日多少人竭尽了全力,

想穿越荆棘丛生的隘路,

如今只留下枯干的尸体

或者撒落在草上的白骨。

他望着这些无声的死者:

“无畏的追求让他们丧命。”

他脑中有一句成语闪过:

“许多人失败,一个人成功。”


他并不清楚要来找什么,

只顾劈开乱树篱闯进去;

闯得满脸是绯红的颜色,

但相信会撞上美好东西。

因为他生命中有种魔法

总给他指路;当他一走动,

身畔总响起鼓励他的话,

轻声轻气地送进他耳中。


他的脚已走得越来越近,

他心中着魔的音乐节奏

越来越急促;接着他眼睛

远远看见那静悄悄绣楼。

他的心像云雀扑动翅膀,

俯下身跪着吻吻睡美人。

“亲爱的,你头发这样乌亮,

闭着的眼睛黑得该多深!”




苏醒


刚这么一吻!魔法就解开。

响声顿时起:钟在咚咚敲,

门在乒乓响,脚奔去奔来,

公鸡喔喔啼,狗不停吠叫。

一道明亮的光照耀一切,

一阵微风吹遍了御花园,

有六十只脚把清泉跨越,

突发的喧闹震撼了大殿。


树篱全倒下,旗帜在飘扬;

总管草草写,司膳急急饮:

火苗朝上蹿,燕子在飞翔;

鹦鹉在高叫,孔雀在尖鸣;

侍女和侍童又开始斗嘴,

宫中只一片丁当和嘁喳——

久久被堵住的生活泉水

现在像瀑布哗哗地泻下。


喧闹声惊醒了国王好觉,

终于使他从宝座上站起;

他打着哈欠,揉揉脸说道:

“皇天在上,这么长的胡须!

我们睡着了,怎么回事情?

爱卿们,我胡子长到大腿!”

贵人们七嘴八舌地证明:

只是饭后打了个小瞌睡。


“这没错,不过,”国王回答说,

“我的关节总像是僵了点。

大家看,我们要不要通过

我半小时前提到的议案?”

大法官神情自负见稳重,

他回答的话虽谦恭有礼,

却管自把黄金挂链捏弄,

微笑着回避了这个问题。




双双离去


公主倚在恋人的怀抱里,

感到那手臂围住她的腰;

他们翻山越岭去新世界——

虽说新,其实却无异于老。

他们翻山越岭地去远方,

越过最远的紫莹莹巅峰,

走进了行将消逝的夕阳——

快乐的公主紧随着恋人。


“为了再得到你那种热吻,

亲爱的,我愿再睡一百年。”

“永远要醒着,爱人哪爱人,

吻就是这样这样,”她听见。

一阵阵清风朝他们吹来,

一颗颗流星掠过了头上,

透过一道道金色的云彩,

缕缕的曙色融合为晨光。


“欢乐的眼睛啊久久安眠!”

“欢乐的安眠哪转瞬无踪!”

“欢乐的吻哪唤醒你长眠!”

“爱人哪,你的吻起死回生!”

他们的头上,涌动的雾气

像海浪,托着小船般新月,

但经过几度嫣红色交替,

销尽的暮色沉入了漆黑。


“一百个春秋!这怎么可能?

现在告诉我,你要去哪里?”

“随我去我父亲那个宫廷,

那里有许多奇景和胜迹。”

他们翻过了一座座山峦,

越过最远的紫莹莹巅峰;

经历了黑夜,度过了白天,

她走遍世界伴随着恋人。




Saint Agnes' Eve


Deep on the convent-roof the snows

Are sparkling to the moon;

My breath to heaven like vapor goes;

May my soul follow soon!

The shadows of the convent-towers

Slant down the snowy sward,

Still creeping with the creeping hours

That lead me to my Lord.

Make Thou my spirit pure and clear

As are the frosty skies,

Or this first snowdrop of the year

That in my bosom lies.


As these white robes are soil'd and dark,

To yonder shining ground;

As this pale taper's earthly spark,

To yonder argent round;

So shows my soul before the Lamb,

My spirit before Thee;

So in mine earthly house I am,

To that I hope to be.

Break up the heavens, O Lord! and far,

Thro' all yon starlight keen,

Draw me, thy bride, a glittering star,

In raiment white and clean.


He lifts me to the golden doors;

The flashes come and go;

All heaven bursts her starry floors,

And strows her lights below,

And deepens on and up! the gates

Roll back, and far within

For me the Heavenly Bridegroom waits,

To make me pure of sin.

The Sabbaths of Eternity,

One Sabbath deep and wide —

A light upon the shining sea —

The Bridegroom with his bride!




圣阿格尼丝节前夜 


修女院屋顶的厚厚积雪

在月光下晶晶发亮;

我呼出的水汽朝天上升去;

愿我的灵魂快跟上!

现在,铺满了雪花的草地

横着修女院的塔影,

它随时间的慢移而慢移,

引导我投向我的神。

我的主啊,请让我的胸臆

纯净得有如这霜天,

或者像今年的这场初雪

轻轻地覆盖我心田。


像这些弄脏的白袍之于

那边亮闪闪的地面;

像人间这白烛火光之于

那轮月亮的银灿灿:

我的灵魂和心灵也这样

显现在你基督之前;

以人间为家的我离想望 

也就有这样的遥远。

打开天国吧,主啊!拉上我

这一身白衣的新娘——

像颗闪烁的星远远穿过

那一片晶亮的星光。


他带我飞升到黄金门前;

那里有闪闪的亮光;

天猛地打开星星的地面,

让天国的光辉普降;

这天国又高又深,那大门

往里面一开,在深处

等我的,是我的天国郎君,

他将把我的罪清除。

在那永恒里,礼拜日无数——

有一个深沉而宽广,

那是闪闪海上的光一束—— 

是这对新郎和新娘!




Sir Galahad


My good blade carves the casques of men,

My tough lance thrusteth sure,

My strength is as the strength of ten,

Because my heart is pure.

The shattering trumpet shrilleth high,

The hard brands shiver on the steel,

The splinter'd spear-shafts crack and fly,

The horse and rider reel;

They reel, they roll in clanging lists,

And when the tide of combat stands,

Perfume and flowers fall in showers,

That lightly rain from ladies' hands.


How sweet are looks that ladies bend

On whom their favors fall!

For them I battle till the end,

To save from shame and thrall;

But all my heart is drawn above,

My knees are bow'd in crypt and shrine;

I never felt the kiss of love,

Nor maiden's hand in mine.

More bounteous aspects on me beam,

Me mightier transports move and thrill;

So keep I fair thro' faith and prayer

A virgin heart in work and will.


When down the stormy crescent goes,

A light before me swims,

Between dark stems the forest glows,

I hear a noise of hymns.

Then by some secret shrine I ride;

I hear a voice, but none are there;

The stalls are void, the doors are wide,

The tapers burning fair.

Fair gleams the snowy altar-cloth,

The silver vessels sparkle clean,

The shrill bell rings, the censer swings,

And solemn chaunts resound between.


Sometimes on lonely mountain-meres

I find a magic bark.

I leap on board; no helmsman steers;

I float till all is dark.

A gentle sound, an awful light!

Three angels bear the Holy Grail;

With folded feet, in stoles of white,

On sleeping wings they sail.

Ah, blessed vision! blood of God!

My spirit beats her mortal bars,

As down dark tides the glory slides,

And starlike mingles with the stars.


When on my goodly charger borne

Thro' dreaming towns I go,

The cock crows ere the Christmas morn,

The streets are dumb with snow.

The tempest crackles on the leads,

And, ringing, springs from brand and mail;

But o'er the dark a glory spreads,

And gilds the driving hail.

I leave the plain, I climb the height;

No branchy thicket shelter yields;

But blessed forms in whistling storms

Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields.


A maiden knight — to me is given

Such hope, I know not fear;

I yearn to breathe the airs of heaven

That often meet me here.

I muse on joy that will not cease,

Pure spaces clothed in living beams,

Pure lilies of eternal peace,

Whose odors haunt my dreams;

And, stricken by an angel's hand,

This mortal armor that I wear,

This weight and size, this heart and eyes,

Are touch'd, are turn'd to finest air.


The clouds are broken in the sky,

And thro' the mountain-walls

A rolling organ-harmony

Swells up and shakes and falls.

Then move the trees, the copses nod,

Wings flutter, voices hover clear:

'O just and faithful knight of God!

Ride on! the prize is near.'

So pass I hostel, hall, and grange;

By bridge and ford, by park and pale,

All-arm'd I ride, whate'er betide,

Until I find the Holy Grail.




加拉哈爵士 


我快刀劈开人家的头盔,

我硬矛扎得稳又准,

我力量抵得上别人十倍,

就因为我的心纯真。

撕破长空的号角凄厉吹,

坚利的矛在钢甲上一震,

咔一声,断矛的碎片横飞,

马驮着骑手站不稳,

翻滚在铿锵的比武场上;

待你来我往的格斗一停,

香料和鲜花阵雨般洒下;

那是淑女们颁赐的奖品。


望着让她们倾心的武士,

她们的眼波多温柔!

我为她们的自由打到底,

让她们永远不蒙羞;

但我整个的心向往天国,

只在教堂的圣坛前下脆;

姑娘的手我从来也不握,

没香吻印上我的嘴。

更仁爱的脸会朝我微笑,

更大的乐事会叫我激动;

所以凭信仰,我在言行上

让我的心保持玉洁冰清。


一弯新月在风暴中隐没,

一道光浮现在前方,

幽幽树干间林子在闪烁,

我听见圣歌的声响。

接着我驰过幽僻的神祠,

我听见人声却不见人迹——

座位上空空,门开得笔直,

但蜡烛烧得光熠熠。

圣坛上的布白净得像雪,

白银的圣器在晶晶发亮,

钟声在轰鸣,香烟在摇曳,

庄严的圣歌在其中回响。


有时在寂寞的山间湖边,

我发现有魔舟一叶;

我跃上那没人操舵的船,

漂流到白天变黑夜。

一声轻响,一道光使人怕!

只见有三位天使捧圣杯; 

白色的长袍下双脚交叉,

只凭不动的双翼飞。

神圣的景象啊!基督之血!

当这团光辉在夜色中下降,

像星星一样融进星斗里,

我的心灵将躯壳猛力撞。


我跨着雄劲矫健的坐骑,

穿过睡梦中的城镇——

圣诞的黎明前公鸡在啼,

积雪的街上哑无声。

大雹子打得铅皮屋顶响,

在剑和铠甲上铿铿溅落,

忽而夜色里来一道辉光,

把飞雹镀得亮烁烁。

我离开平原,我登上高地,

没繁枝密叶可供我躲藏;

荒泽野地里,呼啸风雪里,

只有天使的身影在翱翔。


作为童贞的骑士被赋以

这使命,我了无畏惧; 

我渴望呼吸的天国灵气

常同我在这里相遇。

我想着永不消失的欢乐、

鲜活光明中的纯净天界,

想着入我梦境的香百合 

万世里安宁又圣洁;

然后受天使之手的点化,

我眼睛、心灵和整个身躯,

甚至连这副尘世的甲胄,

全都化成为精微的灵气。


这时候天空中浮云四散,

和谐的隆隆风琴声

穿过了高墙般叠嶂重峦,

在悠悠扬扬地颤鸣。

灌木丛点头,乔木林应答,

翅膀在扑拍,耳畔闻清音,

“上帝的正直、忠诚骑士啊!

前进!目标已接近!”

于是我驰过旅店和农家,

越围栏穿园林,过桥涉水,

我全副武装无畏往前闯,

直到我终于找到那圣杯。




The Voyage


We left behind the painted buoy

That tosses at the harbor-mouth;

And madly danced our hearts with joy,

As fast we fleeted to the south.

How fresh was every sight and sound

On open main or winding shore!

We knew the merry world was round,

And we might sail for evermore.


Warm broke the breeze against the brow,

Dry sang the tackle, sang the sail;

The Lady's-head upon the prow

Caught the shrill salt, and sheer'd the gale.

The broad seas swell'd to meet the keel,

And swept behind; so quick the run,

We felt the good ship shake and reel,

We seem'd to sail into the sun!


How oft we saw the sun retire,

And burn the threshold of the night,

Fall from his Ocean-lane of fire,

And sleep beneath his pillar'd light!

How oft the purple-skirted robe

Of twilight slowly downward drawn,

As thro' the slumber of the globe

Again we dash'd into the dawn!


New stars all night above the brim

Of waters lighten'd into view;

They climb'd as quickly, for the rim

Changed every moment as we flew.

Far ran the naked moon across

The houseless ocean's heaving field,

Or flying shone, the silver boss

Of her own halo's dusky shield.


The peaky islet shifted shapes,

High towns on hills were dimly seen;

We past long lines of Northern capes

And dewy Northern meadows green.

We came to warmer waves, and deep

Across the boundless east we drove,

Where those long swells of breaker sweep

The nutmeg rocks and isles of clove.


By peaks that flamed, or, all in shade,

Gloom'd the low coast and quivering brine

With ashy rains, that spreading made

Fantastic plume or sable pine;

By sands and steaming flats, and floods

Of mighty mouth, we scudded fast,

And hills and scarlet-mingled woods

Glow'd for a moment as we past.


O hundred shores of happy climes,

How swiftly stream'd ye by the bark!

At times the whole sea burn'd, at times

With wakes of fire we tore the dark;

At times a carven craft would shoot

From havens hid in fairy bowers,

With naked limbs and flowers and fruit,

But we nor paused for fruit nor flowers.


For one fair Vision ever fled

Down the waste waters day and night,

And still we follow'd where she led,

In hope to gain upon her flight.

Her face was evermore unseen,

And fixt upon the far sea-line;

But each man murmur'd, 'O my Queen,

I follow till I make thee mine.'


And now we lost her, now she gleam'd

Like Fancy made of golden air,

Now nearer to the prow she seem'd

Like Virtue firm, like Knowledge fair,

Now high on waves that idly burst

Like Heavenly Hope she crown'd the sea,

And now, the bloodless point reversed,

She bore the blade of Liberty.


And only one among us — him

We pleased not — he was seldom pleased;

He saw not far, his eyes were dim,

But ours he swore were all diseased.

'A ship of fools,' he shriek'd in spite,

'A ship of fools,' he sneer'd and wept.

And overboard one stormy night

He cast his body, and on we swept.


And never sail of ours was furl'd,

Nor anchor dropt at eve or morn;

We loved the glories of the world,

But laws of nature were our scorn.

For blasts would rise and rave and cease,

But whence were those that drove the sail

Across the whirlwind's heart of peace,

And to and thro' the counter gale?


Again to colder climes we came,

For still we follow'd where she led;

Now mate is blind and captain lame,

And half the crew are sick or dead,

But, blind or lame or sick or sound,

We follow that which flies before;

We know the merry world is round,

And we may sail for evermore.




航行 


我们驶离涂红漆的浮标,

任其在港口颠簸又晃荡,

我们狂喜的心儿在欢跳,

是因为在飞快驶向南方。

开阔的海和蜿蜒的海岸,

各种景象和声响多清新!

既然快活的地球滚滚圆, 

我们就永远能向前航行。


暖暖的风儿拂碎在脸上,

干燥的索具、篷帆在唱歌;

扎进风中的破浪女神像

洒满了强烈的咸咸浪沫。

朝我们涌来的滚滚海涛

已撂在船后;船儿驶得急,

我们感到这好船在晃摇,

似乎正在朝太阳里驶去!


太阳隐退时我们常见到

它总把黑夜的门槛烧红, 

然后从洋面火巷往下掉, 

掉到那光柱下面去入梦! 

暮色渐降时我们常看见

罩下了紫色边沿的大氅;

而当整个的地球在安眠,

我们又冲向拂晓的曙光!


星星一整夜涌现在天际,

在空中映入我们的眼帘;

它们升得快,我们船行急,

四周的海平线刻刻在变。

空空荡荡的起伏洋面上,

裸露的月亮飞了长距离;

它边飞边发出银晕辉光,

像黑盾中央的圆形突起。


小岛上的峰峦变着形状, 

小山上的村镇隐隐可见,

我们驶过露莹莹的牧场

又驶过北方海岬的长岸;

来到了浪温水暖的海域,

远远驶进了东方的汪洋,

只见一排排浪冲向岛屿, 

浇向肉豆蔻,淋洒着丁香。


山峰喷烈焰,火山灰如雨——

撒得像黑色的巨松一般,

或是像形状怪异的毛羽,

把颤抖的海和海岸遮暗;

平沙上热气腾腾,河口处

开阔浩荡;我们一掠而过——

掠过时,只见到山峦起伏,

只见到树林间红花灼灼。


和风暖日下的百洲千岛

多么快在我们船边流过!

有时海面上磷火在闪耀

或火样的航迹把夜划破; 

有时从仙境般的小港口,

赤裸的人载着水果和花,

会射来刻着图案的轻舟;

但我们决不为花果停下。 


因为日夜在茫茫大海上,

有位美好的神灵朝前飞;

为了把飞行中的她赶上,

我们就一直跟在后面追。

她的脸始终没有谁见过,

却总是浮在远远海面上;

“我的女王啊,”人人低声说,

“我要追到你做我的新娘。”


她忽而不见,忽而露一露,

像一个缥缈的金色幻影;

她忽而仿佛在船头,犹如

坚定又美丽的德智女神;

忽而在浪涛徒涌的海天,

她高踞空中像希望天使;

忽而她佩挂着自由之剑——

朝下的剑锋上没有血渍。


我们中有这么一位,他呀

难得满意,对我们很挑剔;

却眼光短浅,看东西昏花,

还硬说我们眼睛有问题。

“一船的傻瓜,”他狠狠吼叫;

“一船的傻瓜,”他含泪讥讽。

暴风雨之夜,他纵身一跳

投了海,而我们继续航行。


我们的篷帆永远不卷起,

无论早晨或晚上不下锚;

我们爱世上的一切壮丽,

我们把日常的法则嘲笑。

风暴会突然肆虐突然停, 

但什么动力把篷帆推动?

推它过旋风平静的中心,

再去穿越反方向的暴风?


我们又来到清凉的地带,

因为我们仍跟着她踪影;

眼下是大副失明船长瘸,

有半数的船员非死即病;

但不管盲或瘸、病或康健,

她飞在前面把我们逗引:

既然快活的地球滚滚圆,

我们就永远能向前航行。




Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere


(A Fragment)


Like souls that balance joy and pain,

With tears and smiles from heaven again

The maiden Spring upon the plain

Came in a sunlit fall of rain.

In crystal vapor everywhere

Blue isles of heaven laugh'd between,

And far, in forest-deeps unseen,

The topmost elm-tree gather'd green

From draughts of balmy air.


Sometimes the linnet piped his song;

Sometimes the throstle whistled strong;

Sometimes the sparhawk, wheel'd along,

Hush'd all the groves from fear of wrong;

By grassy capes with fuller sound

In curves the yellowing river ran,

And drooping chestnut-buds began

To spread into the perfect fan,

Above the teeming ground.


Then, in the boyhood of the year,

Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere

Rode thro' the coverts of the deer,

With blissful treble ringing clear.

She seem'd a part of joyous Spring;

A gown of grass-green silk she wore,

Buckled with golden clasps before;

A light-green tuft of plumes she bore

Closed in a golden ring.


Now on some twisted ivy-net,

Now by some tinkling rivulet,

In mosses mixt with violet

Her cream-white mule his pastern set;

And fleeter now she skimm'd the plains

Than she whose elfin prancer springs

By night to eery warblings,

When all the glimmering moorland rings

With jingling bridle-reins.


As she fled fast thro' sun and shade,

The happy winds upon her play'd,

Blowing the ringlet from the braid.

She look'd so lovely, as she sway'd

The rein with dainty finger-tips,

A man had given all other bliss,

And all his worldly worth for this,

To waste his whole heart in one kiss

Upon her perfect lips.




朗斯洛特骑士与桂妮薇王后 


(断片)


像平衡着苦与乐的灵魂,

凭着天上的泪水和笑容,

在耀着阳光的雨丝之中

少女般的春日翩然来临。

透过那晶莹的茫茫烟雨,

一片片蓝天把笑脸展露;

而在望不见的密林深处,

凭阵阵香风,最高的榆树

已渐渐在聚碧凝绿。


有时候红雀在尖声啼唱,

有时候画眉啭鸣得嘹亮,

有时候雀鹰在盘旋翱翔——

吓得整个林子里没声响;

萋萋岬角旁,变黄的河水

音韵更饱满地蜿蜒淌过;

果树上低垂的花蕾灼灼,

正要展开成完美的花朵——

地面上好一派葳蕤。


在这一年中的妙龄时候,

朗斯洛特和桂妮薇王后

驰过鹿儿爱藏身的林薮,

听着喜洋洋的鸟雀歌喉。

像欢乐之春的一个局部:

桂妮薇身穿草绿色绸衫,

黄金的带扣束在了腰前,

发辫上戴一个黄金头环,

把浅绿色鸟羽箍住。


她那奶白色骡子的四蹄

时不时傍着潺潺的小溪,

擦过常春藤交错的繁枝,

踏着杂有紫罗兰的地衣;

夜间,她小精灵般的驴骡

听到怪异的鸣叫就惊跳;

眼下却在平野上飞快跑,

因为亮闪闪的野泽荒沼

把丁零的缰铃应和。


她飞驰在阳光中、浓荫下,

欢乐的风儿轻轻抚弄她,

拂开那辫子上的长鬈发;

她纤纤指尖把丝缰一拉,

那个模样看起来多俊美——

所以有一个男儿已放弃

其他的幸福和人间一切——

为同她美美的吻儿相接

已经让雄心全成灰。




The Beggar Maid


Her arms across her breast she laid;

She was more fair than words can say;

Barefooted came the beggar maid

Before the king Cophetua.

In robe and crown the king stept down,

To meet and greet her on her way;

'It is no wonder,' said the lords,

'She is more beautiful than day.'


As shines the moon in clouded skies,

She in her poor attire was seen;

One praised her ankles, one her eyes,

One her dark hair and lovesome mien.

So sweet a face, such angel grace,

In all that land had never been.

Cophetua sware a royal oath:

'This beggar maid shall be my queen!'




年轻女乞丐


她两条手臂在胸前交抱,

她的美用言辞没法描画;

这位女乞丐赤着一双脚,

走近当国王的科菲图阿。 

国王虽头戴冠冕身穿袍,

为向她问好,忙迎到阶下;

大臣们说道,“毫无疑问,

论美好,阳光也比不上她。”


她身穿破衣裳那个情景

一如天上乱云间的月亮;

人们赞美她脚腕、她眼睛、

她乌黑头发和可爱模样。

如此美的脸,天使般优雅,

整个国家里谁也比不上;

科菲图阿王立下了誓言:

“我要娶这女乞丐做新娘。”




The Eagle

(Fragment)


He clasps the crag with crooked hands;

Close to the sun in lonely lands,

Ring'd with the azure world, he stands.


The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,

And like a thunderbolt he falls.




(断片)


他拳曲的爪子抓着巉岩;

荒原上的太阳在他身边,

他站在蔚蓝世界的中间。


蠕动的皱海面就在下方;

他在那山崖绝壁上凝望,

霎时像一道霹雳自天降。




Move Eastward, Happy Earth


Move eastward, happy earth, and leave

Yon orange sunset waning slow;

From fringes of the faded eve,

O happy planet, eastward go,

Till over thy dark shoulder glow

Thy silver sister-world, and rise

To glass herself in dewy eyes

That watch me from the glen below.


Ah, bear me with thee, smoothly borne,

Dip forward under starry light,

And move me to my marriage-morn,

And round again to happy night.




欢乐的地球,快朝东旋转


欢乐的地球,快朝东旋转,

离开渐暗的橘红色落日;

从暮色沉沉的黄昏边沿,

欢乐的星球啊,向东转去,

直到在你幽暗的肩头上,

你银光闪闪的姐妹升起, 

映在下面幽谷中的眼里——

那清纯眼睛正把我眺望。


带上我吧,轻轻地载着我,

在星光之下向前转过去,

载我到举行婚礼的上午,

随后再转我到幸福之夜。




The Letters


Still on the tower stood the vane,

A black yew gloom'd the stagnant air;

I peer'd athwart the chancel pane

And saw the altar cold and bare.

A clog of lead was round my feet,

A band of pain across my brow;

'Cold altar, heaven and earth shall meet

Before you hear my marriage vow.'


I turn'd and humm'd a bitter song

That mock'd the wholesome human heart,

And then we met in wrath and wrong,

We met, but only meant to part.

Full cold my greeting was and dry;

She faintly smiled, she hardly moved;

I saw with half-unconscious eye

She wore the colors I approved.


She took the little ivory chest,

With half a sigh she turn'd the key,

Then raised her head with lips comprest,

And gave my letters back to me;

And gave the trinkets and the rings,

My gifts, when gifts of mine could please.

As looks a father on the things

Of his dead son, I look'd on these.


She told me all her friends had said;

I raged against the public liar;

She talk'd as if her love were dead,

But in my words were seeds of fire.

'No more of love, your sex is known;

I never will be twice deceived.

Henceforth I trust the man alone,

The woman cannot be believed.


'Thro' slander, meanest spawn of hell, —

And women's slander is the worst, —

And you, whom once I loved so well,

Thro' you my life will be accurst.'

I spoke with heart and heat and force,

I shook her breast with vague alarms —

Like torrents from a mountain source

We rush'd into each other's arms.


We parted; sweetly gleam'd the stars,

And sweet the vapor-braided blue;

Low breezes fann'd the belfry bars,

As homeward by the church I drew.

The very graves appear'd to smile,

So fresh they rose in shadow'd swells;

'Dark porch,' I said, 'and silent aisle,

There comes a sound of marriage bells.'




信札 


风向标静止在塔楼顶上,

黑紫衫遮暗凝滞的空气;

透过圣坛后的玻璃一望,

我看到祭坛前冷清空寂。

铅块像是绑上了我的脚,

我整个头颅一阵阵剧痛;

“冷冷的祭坛哪,在你听到

我的婚誓前,天地将合拢。”


我转脸哼一支苦涩小曲,

它嘲笑的是人心的宽厚;

接着我们在怨毒中相遇,

而相遇只是意味着分手。

我的问候话冷淡而干涩;

她似笑非笑,没怎么动弹;

她穿着我所赞同的颜色,

可对此我似乎视而未见。


她把小小象牙匣拿在手,

微微叹口气扭动了钥匙,

然后抿紧着嘴唇抬起头,

将我那些信还到我手里。

又还我指环等等小饰品,

这些曾使她快活的礼物——

如今我看着它们的神情,

像父亲看着儿子的遗物。


她讲到她朋友们的言辞,

那流言蜚语快把我气疯;

说话中她似乎爱心已死,

而我的话中却有着火种。

“还谈什么爱,这就是女人;

这种当我再不上第二回。

从今后我只能信任男人,

决不能再信任女流之辈。


“谣言是地狱最贱的产物,

而女人的造谣最最凶狠,

我爱你爱得是那样专注,

可谣言和你将毁我一生。”

我那激动激烈的心里话

隐隐使她惊恐的心乱跳——

像两股急流从山上冲下,

我们扑进了对方的怀抱。


我们分别时星星在闪烁,

烟雾缭绕的蓝天有多美;

我从教堂边朝着家中走,

微风把钟楼栅栏轻轻吹。

连一个个墓仿佛都在笑,

起伏在阴影中显得清新;

“幽暗的门廊、寂静的通道,”

我说,“传来了婚礼的钟声。”




Break, Break, Break


Break, break, break,

On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!

And I would that my tongue could utter

The thoughts that arise in me.


O, well for the fisherman's boy,

That he shouts with his sister at play!

O, well for the sailor lad,

That he sings in his boat on the bay!


And the stately ships go on

To their haven under the hill;

But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand,

And the sound of a voice that is still!


Break, break, break,

At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!

But the tender grace of a day that is dead

Will never come back to me.




溅吧,溅吧,溅吧 


溅吧,溅吧,溅吧,溅碎在

你冷冷灰岩上,哦大海!

但愿哪我的言辞能倾吐

我胸中涌动的情怀。


那渔家孩子呀多欢快,

同妹妹他边玩边叫嚷!

那年轻水手啊多欢快,

唱着歌荡舟在海湾上!


巍巍的船舶在驶去,

驶进山脚边的港口;

可是那相握的手已殒灭,

那说话声已沉寂,哦!


溅吧,溅吧,溅吧,溅碎在

你巉岩的脚上,哦大海!

但已死往日的厚谊和深情,

对于我永不会再来。

黄 杲 炘 译




阮 籍 《 乐 论 》 的 美 学 思 想

阮籍的音乐修养受到其父阮瑀的影响。阮瑀曾经从学于东汉末年著名文学家、艺术家蔡邕,据《文士传》记载:“瑀善解音,能鼓琴,遂抚弦而歌,因造歌曲曰:‘奕奕天门开,大魏应期运。青盖巡九州,在东西人怨。士为知己死,女为悦者玩。恩义苟敷暢,他人焉能乱?’为曲既捷,音声殊妙,当时冠坐,太祖大悦。”这个故事不尽可信,不过,阮瑀妙解音律,能够抚弦弹琴,则是很有可能的。而且,阮氏家族后人中不乏善解音声者《晋书•阮籍传》所附阮氏后辈中,其侄阮咸“妙解音律,善弹琵琶。虽处世不交人事,惟共亲知弦歌酣宴而已”,连晋初掌管音律的荀勖“每与咸论音律,自以为远不及也”;阮咸之子阮瞻“善弹琴,人闻其能,多往求听,不问贵贱长幼,皆为弹之”。见《晋书》,第1363页。,似乎与此也有关联。
阮籍为人放旷不羁,嗜好读书,常于音乐中寄寓情志,发抒心中块垒。《晋书》本传记载道:“籍容貌瑰杰,志气宏放,傲然独得,任性不羁,而喜怒不形于色。或闭户视书,累月不出;或登临山水,经日忘归。博览群籍,尤好《庄》《老》。嗜酒能啸,善弹琴。当其得意,忽忘形骸。时人多谓之痴。”一个人整日流连于经籍、山水、饮酒、啸歌、弹琴,从中获得怡乐、美感,以此畅怀,并由此而透悟人生真趣,可以算得上真正的超脱世情了,难怪时人将他视为痴人。在阮籍的精神世界中,音乐是领悟人生真义、寄托自我情怀的一条重要途径,足以使其忘却形体的羁累。其音乐方面的论说文《乐论》也是因此而发。
从《晋书》本传的记载可以看出,阮籍的音乐才能主要表现为两个方面。其一是弹琴。阮籍“善弹琴”,常以琴音为精神慰藉,其《咏怀诗》中颇有些透露,如“夜中不能寐,起坐弹鸣琴”(其一),“青云蔽前庭,素琴凄我心”(其四十七)。琴音令其情绪凄怆,是由于其内心本就潜藏着凄怆的意绪,琴音恰好将其唤起而已。不管是夜不能寐而起坐弹琴,还是本就意绪黯淡,偶有琴音令其动心,琴音与心绪之间的应和是自然而然地发生的,弹琴因而成为一种有着特殊意味的嗜好。阮籍的母亲去世,嵇喜前来吊丧,阮籍白眼相对;嵇喜的弟弟嵇康“赍酒挟琴造焉,籍大悦,乃见青眼”(《晋书•阮籍传》)。琴、酒这两种事物,皆为阮籍所好,即使居孝期间亦不为之改易,嵇康也是寄情音乐而超凡脱俗之人,所以两人方能抛却尘俗的礼仪束缚,相知相悦。其二是长啸。《魏氏春秋》记载了一件事:阮籍少年时期曾经游苏门山,苏门山有隐者,莫知名姓。阮籍与他谈论太古无为之道,以及五帝三王之义,苏门生萧然不闻,亦不应答。阮籍于是对之长啸,清韵响亮,苏门生会心而笑。阮籍下山后,苏门生亦啸,若鸾凤之音焉。在这个典故中,长啸成为阮籍、苏门生之间一种特殊的交流方式,也是一种精神层面的会心应答。由此可知,阮籍之喜好弹琴、长啸,既是家学熏陶的结果,也是其自身的精神需求。
阮籍的美学思想主要包含在《乐论》一文中。
一、“乐者,天地之体”
儒家向来重视音乐,认为“大乐与天地同和”、“乐者,天地之和也”(《礼记•乐记》),将音乐定位为自然与人情沟通、融合的媒介,强调“大乐”体现天地万物内在的和谐,因而可以化生万物。阮籍《乐论》明显继承了《礼记•乐记》的部分音乐观念,认同礼乐、刑教内外相扶的教化功用;但他受正始时期玄风拂拭的影响,对音乐的理解显然还有其形而上的一面。在阮籍这里,“大乐”已经上升为天地万物的自然本性、自体,成为天地万物趋附的准绳,因此,他提出:夫乐者,天地之体,万物之性也。合其体,得其性,则和;离其体,失其性,则乖。(《乐论》,以下凡出自《乐论》者不另注明。)也就是说,天地万物之所以和谐一体,正是因为它们与这种本体相合相融,因而得以显现其自性的缘故。如果它们背离其本体,就会掩蔽其自性,从而乖失恰当的节律和音声。由此可知,在阮籍的美学思想中,和谐的“大乐”是天地万物的内在之性,音乐与天地万物是融合为一、不可分割的。基于这一点,阮籍认为,古代的圣人作乐以化生万物,使万物和谐一体,乃是因为音乐顺乎天地万物的自然本性,“昔者圣人之作乐也,将以顺天地之体,成万物之性也,故定天地八方之音,以迎阴阳八风之声,均黄钟中和之律,开群生万物之情,故律吕协则阴阳和,音声适而万物类,男女不易其所,君臣不犯其位,四海同其观,九州一其节,奏之圜丘而天神下,奏之方丘而地祇上;天地合其德则万物合其生,刑赏不用而民自安矣。”万物各自安于自己的本性,因而整体臻于和谐的美好境界。虽然与《礼记•乐记》同样追求和谐一体的大道境界,但阮籍的思维路径明显不同,他在音乐的本体和功用两个层面上同时强调本真之性、顺乎自然。
与此相应,阮籍追求平淡之美。他认为,音乐顺乎人心、万物之自然本性,所以,音乐之美在于平淡简易的韵致。他提出:“乾坤易简,故雅乐不烦;道德平淡,故五声无味。不烦则阴阳自通,无味则百物自乐,日迁善成化而不自知,风俗移易而同于是乐,此自然之道,乐之所始也。”其内在理路来自《老子》尚“淡”的思想和王弼《老子注》“以无为本”的观念。在老子看来,“乐与饵,过客止。道之出口,淡乎其无味,视之不足见,听之不足闻,用之不足既”(《老子》第三十五章),因此,儒家的所谓“乐”,与美食一样,本来是与道相背离的,真正的“大道”,则是淡乎无味、听而不闻的。王弼发挥老子的这一思想,将“无”本体化:“夫物之所以生,功之所以成,必生乎无形,由乎无名。无形无名者,万物之宗也。不温不凉,不宫不商。听之不可得而闻,视之不可得而彰,体之不可得而知,味之不可得而尝。故其为物也则混成,为象也则无形,为音也则希声,为味也则无呈。故能为品物之宗主,苞通天地,靡使不经也。”王弼:《老子指略》,楼宇烈:《王弼集校释》,第195页,北京:中华书局,1980年。在王弼看来,“无”作为万物的宗主,苞通天地,却又无形无声,不可听闻而得。不过,音声虽为有形有限之物,却源于无形无限之本体(“无”)的孕育苞通,因而与此一本体直接相通。阮籍正是沿着这一理路,进一步将“乐”推向本体位置,强调其“日迁善成化而不自知,风俗移易而同于是”的平淡之美。他认为,平淡简易的音乐符合乾坤、天地的大德,顺应阴阳、百物的本性,是一切复杂的音声组合变化的起点、本源,因而也是最美的。
不过,阮籍认为音乐的和谐之美也离不开次序。他说:“八音有本体,五声有自然,其同物者以大小相君。有自然,故不可乱;大小相君,故可得而平也。若夫空桑之琴,云和之瑟,孤竹之管,泗滨之磬,其物皆调和淳均者,声相宜也,故必有常处;以大小相君,应黄钟之气,故必有常数。有常处,故其器贵重;有常数,故其制不妄。”在阮籍看来,“八音”、“五声”都有其合乎自然的本体,“常处”和“常数”是这种和谐之乐产生的前提条件,所以自然之乐同样讲求次序和大小相君。《礼记•乐记》说:“八风从律而不奸,百度得数而有常”,强调音乐制作中的律度和常数。阮籍从音声的本体、自性出发,将音乐制作过程中的“常处”、“常数”内在化,强调其不可改易的特性,“扩大开来说,也就对美所应具有的自然的合规律性在数量关系上的表现的强调,这是有它的理论意义的。”李泽厚、刘纲纪:《中国美学史》第二卷上,第169页。也就是说,阮籍关于音乐“常数”的论述,已经认识到音声自身所具有的形式美的规律性。
阮籍追求的是一种有次序的和谐之美,也可以说,他要在不违逆名教的条件下寻求心灵的自然张放。因此,他也强调礼乐之间的相互关联:“刑、教一体,礼、乐,外、内也。刑弛则教不独行,礼废则乐无所立”,“礼定其象,乐平其心;礼治其外,乐化其内;礼乐正而天下平。”这样看来,阮籍《乐论》的音乐美学理想其实掺杂了一定的现实成分在内。阮籍的美学思想无疑源于《老子》淡泊无为的观念,但他看重次序,强调音乐的宣德教化功能,因而其美学思想存在着先天的矛盾。
不过,如果联系当时的士人心态,也就不难理解这一点了。曹操、曹丕、曹叡三代执政均以中央集权为目标,名法兼用,极大地冲击儒家政教传统和世家大族的地位。正始前后兴起的玄言清谈潮流,倡导自然无为,企图以个体一己的自然心性化解政治纷争中产生的困顿疲敝。阮籍置身其中,其美学思想以追求自然淡泊之“和”为基本尺度,也就顺理成章。但是,阮籍作为世族代表,仍然热衷有次序之音乐理想。他崇尚“雅乐”,而“雅乐”多是贵族音乐,实际上还是对于儒家礼乐理想的回归。陈伯君认为:“阮氏所怀之理想及其持论,恰即自周至汉儒家礼乐刑政之理想、理论,阮氏之《乐论》,初未越出《礼记•乐记》之范围,虽间有所发挥,而其体统则归于一致……此之理想,恐为阮氏早期之思想,其后因格于现实,理想愈归渺茫,故终于‘放废礼法,沉湎麴糵’也。”陈伯君:《阮籍集校注》,第104页。总体而言,阮籍心目中的理想境界归属于尧舜三代之时。他所追求的理想境界,牟宗三先生称之为“原始之谐和”。牟先生认为,对阮籍而言,“任何礼法、教法,皆不能安定其生命,而原始之苍茫亦不能为其挂搭处,则只有借音乐以通向原始之谐和,以为其暂时栖息之所。”牟宗三:《才性与玄理》,第254页,南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2006年。如果结合以上对阮籍《乐论》的分析来看,他的这个论断仍有值得商榷的地方。但是,阮籍所追求的和谐境界确实含有原始意味,所以,我们不妨借用“原始的和谐”这个语词来指称阮籍心中的音乐美学理想,当然这个语词也暗含了阮籍的社会理想在内。
二、雅乐方为至乐
阮籍以平淡简易之乐为美,提出:“乾坤易简,故雅乐不烦”。这里的“雅乐”,与后文多次出现的“正乐”,都是与所谓“淫声”、“新乐”、“奇音”相对,强调乐声的平和自若。阮籍对于乐声善恶的评判,与其对于音乐本性、功用的理解是契合一致的。既然音乐应当顺应天地万物的自然本性,那么,作为礼乐教化体系的一端,“人安其生,情意无哀,谓之乐。”在上句中,“生”即是“本性”、“天性”的意思。阮籍视“情意无哀”为人的本性,主张音乐的功效在于“使人精神平和,衰气不入,天地交泰,远物来集”,最高境界的、最美好的音乐(“至乐”)就在于“使人无欲,心平气定”。在阮籍看来,“雅乐”、“正乐”,才是这样的“至乐”。
当然,“至乐”并不会凭空出现,其现实前提是“天下治平,万物得所,音声不哗,漠然未兆”,在这样有次序的和谐情境中产生的音乐,才是至美之乐,才能使人无欲而心平气定。相反,后世为乐,存在诸多弊端,故而出现种种背离“至乐”的音乐。其一是“各歌其所好,各咏其所为”的风俗之音;其二是放纵无度的淫奇之声,包括“猗靡哀思之音”、“愁怨偷薄之辞”;其三是令人流涕感动的哀伤之乐。虽然它们同是丝竹管弦之音,但是,它们的制作过程已然背离了“常处”、“常数”,因而“其物不真,其器不固,其制不信”;它们又一味迎合世俗之徒的音声好尚,鼓荡人心的种种尘垢和欲求,“取于近物,同于人间,各求其好,恣意所存,闾里之声竞高,永巷之音争先,童儿相聚以咏富贵,刍牧负载以歌贱贫,君臣之职未废,而一人怀万心也”,最终使人再也无法返回到各自固有的平和雅正的自然之性。那些令人“流涕感动,嘘唏伤气,寒暑不适,庶物不遂”的哀伤之乐,以悲为美,无法产生“使人精神平和,衰气不入,天地交泰,远物来集”的效用,因而失去作为雅乐的前提。而那些超越“常处”、背离“常数”的淫奇之音,虽然“公卿大夫拊手嗟叹,庶人群生踊跃思闻”,但无法达到化生万物的教化效果,因而也应该摒弃。
阮籍身处汉魏多事之秋,对于礼乐崩坏有着强烈关注,他认同儒家思想传统中音乐可以移风易俗的观念,主张礼乐并重,显示出他对儒家思想的继承;但是,他对音乐的本质、淫声产生的根源等问题的认识,立足于玄学,又与儒家音乐观有着明显区别。
三、音乐的齐一性
阮籍、嵇康的音乐美学思想与儒家音乐观念的重大区别之处在于,两人都是在一种万物一体的理想境界中来理解音乐,包括其本性、效用、形式特征等。这一点,在阮籍美学思想中表现为强调音乐的齐一性。
音乐的齐一性,首先指材质、制作方法、演唱节奏等方面的齐一。阮籍提出的“常处”、“常数”就是针对音乐的齐一性而发:“若夫空桑之琴,云和之瑟,孤竹之管,泗滨之磬,其物皆调和淳均者,声相宜也,故必有常处;以大小相君,应黄钟之气,故必有常数。有常处,故其器贵重;有常数,故其制不妄。贵重,故可得以事神;不妄,故可得以化人。其物系天地之象,故不可妄造;其凡似远物之音,故不可妄易。雅颂有分,故人神不杂;节会有数,故曲折不乱;周旋有度,故仰不惑;歌咏有主,故言语不悖。”这里,阮籍指出了三个方面的要求:第一,制作音乐演奏所使用的乐器,其材质必须“调和淳均”,出产于某一特定的地区,这也就是“常处”,这样方能保证乐器本身异常珍贵,而乐器演奏出来的声音中和符节,可以悦神。第二,制作音乐演奏所用的乐器,其所发出的高、低、清、浊之音声依次变化,安然有序,这也就是“常数”,这样方能保证制作乐器时有章可循,演奏出来的音声中规中矩,可以感化人心。第三,用规定的材质,按照规定的制作方法做好演奏音乐的乐器以后,还应注意音乐种类的区别(“雅颂有分”),音乐演奏的节奏变化、音律周旋,以及音乐主题之别。第三点似乎讲求的是差异性,而不是齐一性。但是,正如制作乐器的材质出产地有“常处”,制作乐器的方法有“常数”,演奏音乐之时同样有“常分”,也就是一定的种类、主题、节奏等。因此,所谓齐一性,并非指不同事物之间毫无二致的整齐划一,而是指各个事物的自然本性的完满实现。
阮籍认为,只有圣人所制作的“至乐”,才能顺遂天地万物的这种本性,使它们自然而然地实现自己的本真之性:“圣人立调适之音,建平和之声,制便事之节,定顺从之容,使天下之为乐者莫不仪焉。自上以下,降杀有等,至于庶人,咸皆闻之。歌谣者咏先王之德,仰者习先王之容,器具者象先王之式,度数者应先王之制;入于心,沦于气,心气和洽,则风俗齐一。”圣人立音、建声、制节、定容,他所建立制定的音、声、节、容最终成为“天下之为乐者”(包括天下所有制作乐器、创作音乐、表演音乐的人)共同效法的仪则和规范,实际上就以此使天下的音乐齐一,从而化齐天下人的风俗和心气。
其次,音乐的齐一性还指万物一体的音乐理想境界。圣人立音、建声、制节、定容,他所建立制定的音、声、节、容的共同点是“平和”,而这种平和的音乐最终要达到的效果,是使所有修习者、听闻者都“心气和洽”。圣人作乐的深刻意涵可以用另外两段话来概括,其一曰:“先王之为乐也,将以定万物之情,一天下之意也,故使其声平,其容和。下不思上之声,君不欲臣之色,上下不争而忠义成。”其二曰:“昔者圣人之作乐也,将以顺天地之体,成万物之性也,故定天地八方之音,以迎阴阳八风之声,均黄钟中和之律,开群生万物之情,故律吕协则阴阳和,音声适而万物类,男女不易其所,君臣不犯其位,四海同其观,九州一其节,奏之圜丘而天神下,奏之方丘而地祇上。”在这两段话中,所谓“定万物之情,一天下之意”、“四海同其观,九州一其节”,天下万物定于“一”,四海九州同于“一”,这其中的“一”,都是“万物一体”的意思。也就是说,四海九州、普天之下的万事万物都顺应各自的本真自然之性,完满自足,达到一种平和、和谐的理想境界。这样的理想境界是借助音乐移化人心的无形力量而实现的,因而属于音乐之美的极致,也是音乐所能达到的最高境界,只有“雅乐”、“至乐”才有这样的效用。
这种万物一体的理想境界既涵括了儒家的君臣伦理、上下次序与和谐观念,同时又以玄学的自然无为、顺应本性、简易平和等观念作为其核心,显示出阮籍兼融儒玄的美学思想。归根结底,阮籍的音乐美学追求一种顺乎本性、发乎自然的审美理想,他希望用简易平和的音乐之美来化定沉湎于“淫声”、“新乐”、“奇音”中的世俗人心。显然,阮籍《乐论》融入了他自身深厚的音乐素养和音乐体验,同时也在一定程度上折射出他的社会政治理想。另一方面,阮籍重视音乐之美对于人心的化定效用,“体现了魏晋美学冲破儒家伦理学的美学而走向纯粹美学的倾向”李泽厚、刘纲纪:《中国美学史》第二卷上,第180页。,这种倾向,同时展露在嵇康的美学思想中。
四、阮籍美学思想与玄学的关系
阮籍的美学思想立足玄学,其思维方式、音乐理想都深受玄学的影响。具体而言,阮籍音乐美学与玄学的关系主要体现在以下三个方面:
第一,会通儒玄,主张顺乎自然之性而又有次序的和谐。阮籍美学思想处处可以看到儒家音乐观念的影子,比如,他阐述礼乐的社会功用,“礼逾其制则尊卑乖,乐失其序则亲疏乱。礼定其象,乐平其心;礼治其外,乐化其内;礼乐正而天下平”,完全就是《礼记•乐记》的论调。又比如,他论音乐的本性和效用,几乎每次都从推究“圣人”、“先王”作乐之心出发,动辄“昔者圣人之作乐也”、“先王之为乐也”、“昔先王制乐”,或曰“此先王造乐之意也”,也是儒家崇古、信古观念在自然而然地发挥作用。当然,最能体现其儒家观念的是,其音乐理想境界中仍然保有明显的君臣、夫妻人伦的内容,诸如“男女不易其所,君臣不犯其位”、“下不思上之声,君不欲臣之色,上下不争而忠义成”等,描绘出一幅和谐、有序的理想图景,就是此类。不过,阮籍音乐思想受到玄学影响也是极为明显的。他虽然追求有次序的和谐,但强调这种和谐必然是在顺乎天地万物自然之性中实现的,这一点显示出与儒家音乐观念的根本差异。魏晋玄学主张自然无为,顺遂本真之性,所以,阮籍主张:“日迁善成化而不自知,风俗移易而同于是乐,此自然之道,乐之所始也。”也就是说,“迁善成化”、“风俗移易”等儒家音乐理想是在顺乎自然之性的情境中自然而然地实现的。阮籍强调“自安”、“自通”、“自乐”、“不自知”,实即强调万物自性的完满实现与自在呈显。阮籍会通儒玄,在音乐世界中将人伦次序与自然之性相沟通,建成由自然之性通往君臣、夫妻等人伦关系井然有序的和谐社会的大道。
第二,以玄学之道体隐帅其音乐美学,将乐本体化,在音乐世界中追求心性的安宁、和谐境界。阮籍颇以怀道之士自命,其《辞蒋太尉辟命奏记》中说:“夫布衣韦带之士,孤居独立,王公大人所以礼下之者,为道存也”,虽然是推脱之词,其中却很有些自傲的意思。阮籍所说的“道”是玄学之道,其特征是清虚、恍惚、恬淡,“夫清虚寥廓,则神物来集;飘飖恍惚,则洞幽贯冥;冰心玉质,则皎洁思存;恬淡无欲,则泰志适情。”(《清思赋》)阮籍以清虚、恬淡的玄学之道作为其音乐美学的内核,音乐因此具有形而上的品格。阮籍将音乐本体化,借助音乐感化人心的力量,追求一种万物宁静、心性本然的境界。他提出:“昔先王制乐,非以纵耳目之观,崇曲房之嬿也。必通天地之气,静万物之神也;固上下之位,定性命之真也。”正如我们在前面所阐述的,阮籍提倡平淡、简易的音乐,以平和为美,以“雅乐”为“至乐”,希望臻达万物各自实现其本性、一体宁静的理想境界。无论是其音乐美学主张,还是其音乐世界中寄予的理想,都是立足于玄学之道,也就是天地万物自然、自得的本性的充分实现。
第三,重神轻形,遗形得神,正是得意忘言的玄学思维方式。阮籍音乐美学注重从音乐中求得大道,体悟大道,而不是沉湎于纷繁曼妙的乐声变化中。他提出:“达道之化者可与审乐,好音之声者不足与论律”,这是魏晋时期遗形得神的玄学观念在音乐美学领域中的体现。借助于“常处”、“常数”、“常分”,至美至善的音乐足以顺应天地之体,实现万物之性,传达天籁之音。如果一个人只是停留在欣赏音声之曼妙的层面上,则不能通于音乐的本体,也就不能达于大道。所以,音乐领域的形神之辨实则是玄学言意之辨的转化形式。言、象都是达于言外、象表之意的媒介,如果执著于言、象本身,就无法领悟言外、象外之意。音乐也是如此。音声虽然美妙,但毕竟只是达于天地之体、万物之性的一种媒介,并非天地万物之体性本身,因此,“形之可见,非色之美;音之可闻,非声之善”、“微妙无形,寂寞无听,然后乃可以睹窈窕而淑清”(《清思赋》)。音乐展现了天地万物之和谐,这是因为“音乐曲调之取得来自宇宙本体之度量”汤用彤:《魏晋玄学论稿》,第201页。,所以,只有超然于音声之外,不被美妙的音声所羁縻,才能领悟到有限的音声之外的自然之道。




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